Music Triggers Sexua

Music triggers early sexual activity – study published: Sunday | March 2, 2008 Gareth Manning, Sunday Gleaner Reporter Tony Matterhorn thrilling the crowd at Passa Passa on Spanish Town Road in February 2004. A study found that reggae music is one of the influencing factors of early sexual behaviour in teens. – File Teenagers are identifying music, mainly of the dancehall genre, as a trigger for early sexual intercourse, according to a scientific study conducted by public policy analyst and doctoral candidate, Tazhmoye Crawford, at the University of the West Indies, Mona, last year.The study, which centred on contraceptive use among adolescents, revealed that a number of children aged nine to 17, identified popular music as the main influence for experimenting with sex. Music was identified as the fifth leading reason for having intercourse, with 10 per cent of boys indicating that it was the main reason, compared to three per cent of girls. But, the study's findings is generating a mix of arguments among artistes as well as academics.Behavioural scientist and music educator, Dr Marilyn Anderson says despite the fact that the music is being laid out as part of the culture, there is no doubt that hard-core dancehall lyrics and content has an impact on the brain. â€Å"Some rhythms, timbres and amplitudes of the music can affect emotional behaviour in humans, particularly the young,† she says. Sexual activity on buses She surmises there is a direct correlation, for example, between the loud, hard-core music played on some public transportation and the proliferation of sexual display and activity on these same buses.Lecturer and author, Dr Donna Hope says while there are legitimate linkage between the two, the influence of the music is not great when compared to other influences like peer pressure and early exposure to pornography. â€Å"The role of the music is quite negligible,† she explains, â€Å"except that it takes so much from w hat is around us in the society then it would speak about these scenes in ways that would suggest – along with all the things that are happening on the ground – that, yes, a man should have sex because the heterosexual practice is very important in defining who is a man†.Her thoughts are shared by Dylan Pow, organiser of the famed ‘Passa Passa' street dance that takes place on the west Kingston end of Spanish Town Road. He argues that dancehall music is merely a speck in the array of sexual messages promoted by the mass media and is, therefore, no more influential than Hip Hop or Soca. Pow adds that sexuality is only one component of the music which reflects a wide cross-section of the inner-city experience. â€Å"Sometimes is a slack man on top [of the music charts]; sometime is a bad man on top; sometimes is a comedic artiste on top,† he says.He reasons that while events like his does not shun children, despite the graphic overture of sexuality, it does not influence them any more than other aspects of global popular culture. â€Å"The kids are not patrons, they are not buying liquor, they not doing anything and if you go to any open event in Jamaica for the most part, you going to find children who should be in their bed sleeping,† he adds. Big impact on teenagers Popular cultural artiste Tony Rebel is not buying the argument that dancehall merely mirrors the experiences of inner-city folk. He says it equally impacts on those receiving the message, especially teenagers.He says while it is not the only medium of exposure and influence, it plays an important part in early sexualisation. â€Å"The music is the one that is teaching a lot of the youths how to have sex, the name of certain types of sex acts, how to do it. It is all descriptive and even prescriptive,† he argues. He adds that the music has reduced sex to a casual activity and fails to promote and educate youngsters about protecting themselves from sexu ally transmitted diseases during intercourse. Rebel notes too that more males are impacted by the sexual messages coming out of the dancehall because it is delivered from a masculine perspective

Music Tempo

Since the early Baroque period, tempo markings had been used predominantly with instrumental music. But despite this fact, not all instrumental music had a tempo mark during those times. Composers have been inconsistent in their use of it; however, conductors have often modified a composer’s indications, either because of a different interpretation of the composition or because of the conditions under which it is performed. It was during the era of Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1827) tempo markings became necessary which provided metronome markings instead of using descriptive words.Dance and choral music were played at a certain tempo, depending on their style and reflections to the mood of the text. In addition, descriptive tempo markings will most likely present the mood for example, allegro, not only tries to project the thought of quickness but it also conveys brightness. Largo does not only imply slowness but also broadness and expansiveness. Still using today the verbal te mpos frequently together with precise metronome markings are due to the expressive qualities being manifested.Vague idea of speed and notation of confusion will be the results of music being written before the development of particular metronomes. Speed is being indicated as symbols give the number of beats per bar in the system of time signatures being developed during the Renaissance period. Terminologies such as allegro meaning fast, presto as quick and lento being slow are Italian words indicating tempo in the 17th century. To the modern musicians, these words only gave an indistinct concept of speed but for the enthusiasts of contemporary music, customs of tempo were taken as read among composers and nearly all players.Tempo is an Italian word meaning speed or movement. At the top left corner of the musical staff, there could be found an expression that indicates how fast or slow the music should be played. This expression could be a word or a metronome marking. Metronome marki ng is the number of beats occurring in 60 seconds that measures the pace of music. As an example, ‘crotchet=60’ meaning there should be a 60 crotchet beats to the minute, that is to say, one .per second. Tempo is being measured by modern electronic metronomes very accurately.To some performers, they play the tempo according to their preferences and what suit their interpretation of the music. Performers who were encouraged to pay more attention to original tempo markings were caused by the knowledge of performance practice achieved by academic investigation into earlier music. At any one time, some other factors are influencing the choice of tempo, and a critical musical analysis most likely relies on changes in the fundamental tempo throughout a piece such as accelerando which means getting faster, ritardando as getting slower or rubato with a beat that is strictly irregular.The rate of speed is determined by its characteristics, performances’ physical condition s, and the composer’s transmitted instructions. Before the 17th century, from the notation, performers knew the correct tempo, for tempo were related to note values. The adaption of time signatures and tempo marks made visible a variety of durations for any note. The time signature  ¾ gave a quarter note one pulse, 3/2 gave half pulse; 4/8 gave it two pulses. The rate at which these occurred could be modified by the use of tempo markings, such as allegro or andante. A high degree of accuracy in tempo indications was made possible by the invention of the metronome, a device that shows the number of beats per minute.For adagio or very slow tempo, Adagio for Strings by Barber or Trio Sonata in G major by Bach are good sample pieces. Brandenburg Concerto No.6, in B-flat major by Bach and Clarinet Concerto in a major by Mozart are good pieces for allegro that is lively, rather quick. For rather slow, at moderate tempo that is andante, Mozart’s Piano Concerto No.21 in C ma jor is advisable to be listened.For grave, that is extremely low and solemn, Beethoven’s Sonata No.8 in C minor would be the perfect example. And for largo that is slow and broad, Dvorak’s Symphony No.9 in E minor as its corresponding piece. For moderate tempo we have moderato. For the samples, try Shostakovich’s Trio for Violin, Cello, and Piano or Hindemith’s Sonata for Bass, Tuba, and Piano. Mendelssohn’s Symphony No.4 in A major is an excellent musical piece for very quick tempo which is called presto. For quick and lively that is vivace, listen to Clarke’s Sonata for Viola and Piano,II.There are lots of tempo markings. From the fastest to slowest, common markings include prestissimo for extremely fast, vivacissimamente as the adverb of vivacissimo meaning very quickly and lively, vivacissimo for very fast and lively, presto and allegrissimo for very fast, and vivo as lively and fast. Allegro is used for fast and bright or called as a ma rch tempo. Allegro moderato for moderately quick, allegretto used in moderately fast, moderato for moderately, andantino for alternatively faster or slower than andante, andante used at a walking pace, tranquillamante is derived from the adverb of tranquillo meaning tranquilly and tranquillo for tranquil.Adagietto is used for rather slow, adagio for slow and stately, grave for slow and solemn. Larghetto is used for rather broadly, largo for very slow, lento is very slow like largo, largamente largo for broadly and very slow and larghissimo also for very slow. Basically allegro, largo, adagio, vivace, presto, andante and lento are the few root words used in markings.The suffix –issimo when put in the root word makes the tempo amplified. –ino used as suffix makes the tempo reduced and by adding the suffix –etto to the word the tempo becomes endeared. For sudden changes of different tempo in a piece of music, a new tempo will be given also marked the same way. Molt o or un poco are terms used as modifiers. Accelerando is used when tempo is accelerating or getting faster. Ritardando is used when slowing down, ritenuto when slower and rallentado when gradually slower. Poco a poco is used if pertaining to little by little or gradually speed. Rubato is used when speeding up and at the same time relaxes in ways that puts emphasis on the phrasing. Tempo I is used when referring to the original tempo again.ReferencesFarlex, Inc.   (2008). Tempo.   RetrievedApril 22, 2008 from

Edgar Allan Poe Biography

In the early 19th century when Poe lived, the United States was an important time for the foundation of literary development with national development. American literature has come to the American Romantic era by pursuing its own free expression based on the New World America. In my opinion, â€Å"The fall of the house of Usher† is a form that has a relatively realistic thinking about superstition and introduces a speaker who wants to think scientifically and shows the fantastic and bizarre experiences for the reader on behalf of the reader. This novel is a representative novel that expresses the fantasy and mystery as the American romanticism literally. As well, the writer refers to â€Å"the exploration of human psychology and self† through the novel. He used the theme to create gruesome horror novels that stimulate fundamental fears among humans. First, let me introduce the characters in the novel. There are only three characters in the novel. The narrator (this novel is made up of the first person), Roderick Usher and Madeline Usher. In this novel, information about the narrator is given he is old friend of Roderick, and he visits the mansion because Roderick's invitation. The narrator takes care of Roderick as a faithful friend, but the narrator isn't directly involved in solving problems in the novel. He only observes Roderick and his sister and the environment. So, I think that the narrator is the reader, and the reader is the narrator. Next, Roderick is a major figure in this story. He suffers from morbidity. For example, he can only wear specific textures of clothing, and all the smells and all the light hurt him. Last, Roderick's twin sister Madeline has long been Roderick's companion, and she is Roderick's second ANIMA. She suffers from alcohol and sleepwalking and doesn't know the world around her at all. She has cataleptic that makes her helpless and has a deep effect on Roderick.Second, the conflict in the novel begins with Roderick and Madeline. Roderick was afraid of the impact he had on his sister so, he buries her alive. However, Madeline doesn't die. Instead, she comes back to take revenge on Roderick who tried to kill her. When she kills him, the conflict between the two reaches its peak. The mansion collapse centrally the crack line when Madeline and Roderick died. I think this scene fights who will take the â€Å"I† and eventually succumbs to fighting both selves and losing â€Å"I† The writer warns readers that if they lose their self, they become like RoderickThird, the setting of the novel is Usher's mansion, southern Paris, France. Overall, the mansion is gloomy. For example, according to the story, the narrator describes the house as resembling the image of a face or a skull with eye-like windows, and hair of fungus. This depressing house shape gives a supernatural atmosphere. This mansion refers Roderick's ego as well. There is a â€Å"crack line† in the middle of the mansion exterior. This crack line suggests that Roderick's ego is separated into two anima of Roderick and Madeline. As the relationship between the characters deteriorates, the crack line becomes longer and later, the crack line helps to collapse the house. This expression shows Roderick's self is falling down.Next, the novel mood is totally terrifying. Because Poe's expression is the Gothic interior in the house, including the desolate environment around the mansion, creating a horror atmosphere. According to the story, â€Å"Another servant, of quiet step, led me without a word through many dark turnings to the room of his master. I don't know how to do that, I have already spoken. While the objects around me – the dark wall coverings, the blackness of the floors †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Before the start of the novel, the author suggests that this novel isn't a normal story by quoting one of Pierre Bà ©ranger's poem â€Å"Le Refus†. † During the whole of a dull, dark, and soundless day in the autumn of the year, when the clouds hung oppressively low in the heavens †¦ † As well, the speaker reads Roderick's Gothic novel, it overlaps the sound of the Madeline coffin splitting up from the basement. This scene made the novel more terrifying.As I said before, the author referred to â€Å"the exploration of human psychology and self† through novels. He was worried that he would have psychosis when he was alive. I think that the author seems to express his insecurity about his psychological feelings and the consideration about his anima through this novel.As for me, this novel was interested. Actually, I'm not first to read this book. Because I like reading mystery authors' novels such as Arthur Conan Doyle, Agatha Christie, and Miyabe Miyuki, including Edgar Allan Poe. When I read many novels, I found out that even the same mystery novelist has different writing style. Poe focuses primarily on human self and psychology. Especially, this book has a humanistic and psychological plot and a gothic atmosphere. I think that these make the novel more horrific, impressive fantastic and sensual. As I mentioned earlier, the main theme of this novel is â€Å"the quest for human psychology and self†. I think it is important to find self. Because, by looking for the self, it makes it exist as â€Å"I† and it also makes me don't forget about myself. If you lose â€Å"I†, your self will fall down like the end of a novel. It was very impressive that I could read the traces of the author's thought through the novel.

Audit and Assurance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Audit and Assurance - Assignment Example This assumption helps the organizations to be able to adequately finance its liabilities, realize its assets and seek refinancing if necessary. It is the duty of management to establish whether a business is a going concern, thus an auditor has to consider this implication on every audit they perform (Messier, Glover & Prawitt, 2008). The role of the auditor is segmented by giving reliable information on the performance of the business. An auditor has to review management assessment and the risks of material misstatements which touch on the business. An auditor is mandated with the task of assessing management opinions on the business as a going concern. It is this information which will add up to the data to be used by the auditor. Further, the auditor has to seek a written report regarding the future plans of the business from a management perspective. The auditor is required to review the information used by the clients who are basically the business management organs in establishing whether the going concern basis is appropriate. The financial statements offer a reference point of liquidity risk and going concern aspects. In cases of material uncertainty the auditor will be compelled to take a stand and make a decision. The auditor will make unqualified opinion if material uncertainty exists in the financial records. However, where the doubt has not been pinpointed in the financial statements the auditor will give a qualified opinion with a concrete explanation on the same (Messier, Glover & Prawitt, 2008). Auditors in trying to assess the operation ability of the entities need to take into perspective, this factor among other numerous factors to forecast and feed management with the right information to support going concern approach of the business. Periodicity is one of the key factors which need to be perceived by both management and the auditors in coming up with quantifiable clarifications. For instance, ISA 570 adopts a framework which

Field trip Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Field trip - Essay Example A stripper is a person who strips; it is sometimes termed as an occupation, which involves taking ones clothes off with an aim of sexual stimulation of others. A higher percentage of strippers are women/ladies. Body is the only thing that a stripper considers as an asset. Her emotions and mind are not as important as her body (Scott, 2003). There was dancing involved; with the dancers revealing their private parts in a seductive manner. Those in participation were the strippers themselves (men and women) and executive clients, who were mostly men. I would tell the executive clients by the type of cars parked outside the club and presence of bodyguards. Before the visit, my impression about strippers was sexual immoral acts. I changed my perception after interrogating some participants. Most of them do this to earn a living, pay their bills and go to school, and no one forces these men and women to do what they do. Most of those I interacted with had no problem with showing their private parts in exchange for money. My perception on strippers really changed after the trip. Previously I viewed them as prostitutes and despised what they did; I never really understood why they did such acts. The trip made me realize that these people are just like anybody else and what they do is just like any other job. I do not think it is erroneous for single men to go to strip clubs provided this does not become a habit, and it is not done when they already have a soul mate or kids. The trip changed my belief on sexuality. I came to see that I was wrong, not every stripper is too focused on sexual activity, and they do not think it is more important than it really is. They just see taking their clothes off as a job to get their daily bread. Not all people in the society may approve activities in a strip club. Some of those who may disapprove this include married couples, Religious leaders, and parents among others. These individuals disapprove strip clubs as they find

Case Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Case Problem - Essay Example In this essay, the aim is to argue that in the case of Isabella vs. Cato, the former can successfully, enforce the latter’s promise. The background of this case is that Cato promised Isabella $40,000 upon enrolment and subsequent graduation from college to which the latter successfully does. Upon demand of the honoring of the promise, Cato cites lack of contract and enforceability. In this case, Cato cannot denounce the contract because Isabella has honored her part. According to US constitution, â€Å"If an oral contract that cannot be fulfilled within one year has been fully performed, the contract is fully enforceable (regardless of how long performance actually took)† (National Paralegal College, p.12) Had Isabella failed to enroll or fail to graduate from the college, Cato would have legal grounds to overlook the contracts. If one party fails to honor their part of bargain there has to be a case (National Paralegal College, p.12). In other words, if Isabella despite failure to graduate still demanded the $40000 promise, Cato would not pay. Conversely, now that she graduated, Cato has to honor the promise. Worth noting is the fact that a contract does not necessarily need to be in a written form to become enforceable. Nevertheless, it is vitally important to understand that in United States, some contracts have to be in form of writing. As for the Cato –Isabella case, this is not one of the cases requiring such

Alleviating Depression in Cancer Patients Assignment

Alleviating Depression in Cancer Patients - Assignment Example The depression interferes with the entire body of an individual and impacts heavily on one’s daily routine and quality of life. Depression instigates a feeling of hopelessness and despair and has its effects on both men and women alike with little or no noted disparities for the different genders; this is in regard to its severity and prevalence effects (Hopko & Lejuez, 2007). In most cases when a patient is diagnosed with cancer, thoughts of fear and despair are experienced almost immediately. During the treatment and/or post-treatment stages, depression becomes an important component in a patient’s recovery. The depression determines the after-effects of cancer and also has an influential ability to dissuade a patient from participating in a treatment program. Depression causes impairment to the normal body functions and a disruption to the psychological makeup of a person and in extreme cases might be an impediment to treatment plans for the patients (Hopko & Lejuez, 2007). Depression impacts both on the patients diagnosed with cancer and to their respective families. These groups of people, both patients and their families faced with a cancer diagnosis; undergo varying degrees of emotional breakdowns and its associated stress. Children and spouses alike get traumatized with the invasion of cancer and its effects, and this has been a major contributor to the behavioral changes in such children (Yeung, 2007).

Discussion Board Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Board - Research Paper Example Southwest Airlines is one such organization that has focused on the Low Cost Producer Strategy (bags fly free!) in order to compete in the market. Southwest Airlines offers lower cost services to customers and is a low-cost-carrier. Southwest has almost never served a meal to passengers onboard and has cut on many of the other services that most airlines provide. Since the economic turmoil, as airlines started firing employees, Southwest Airlines fired none and rather cut on the salaries of its employees. This increased the employee loyalty towards the company and strengthened the customer base. This flexible nature has enabled Southwest Airlines to purchase the highest number of 737-700s (Bundgaard, Bejjani & Helmer, 2006) The use of information technology has never the less created the risks of security breaches. Online reservation requires passengers to provide credit/debit card details, that customer are hesitant to provide. However, Southwest has made sure that no fraud ever occurs and all reservations are secured. Apple Inc., a renowned American organization specializing in computers, believes in innovation and thus makes use of Differentiation Strategy as its competitive strategy. Apple has pioneered several inventions and come up with PDA’s, iMac, iBook, iTunes, iPod, iPad etc. taking the market by storm. Apple has continued to provide customers innovation when it comes to gadgets and has created some of the finest electronic products. The differentiation strategy creates monopoly and reduces the chances of substitutes taking over. Apple Inc. has hired this policy and thus is able to pass on the costs to customers, without losing customer loyalty. This strategy is viable since Apple has rare competitors who cannot replicate Apple’s market strategy and exploit their sales. Despite strict regulations, Apple has come under numerous security breaches where its data was hacked and

Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research - Assignment Example adults, the current trend on the progression in lung cancer among the U.S adults, the relevance of smoking among the above mention group, the effect of passive smoking among the U.S. adults etc. The several study reported under this category also included the effect of long term assessment of these factors. The important journals that have reported the relevant articles for the research question proposed here are Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, Lung Cancer, Clinics in Chest Medicine, Journal of Adolescent Health, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Social Science & Medicine, Health Psychology and Preventive Medicine. The search strategy adopted to locate the relevant articles is by using an appropriate search tag like "smoking + lung cancer + U.S. Adults" within each of the journals listed earlier. About 1109 journal articles were located in the database in the initial search effort. Further refinement of the search using appropriate fields gave the total number of articles as 78.

Effectiveness of Internet and electronic communiation policy against Essay

Effectiveness of Internet and electronic communiation policy against Canadians - Essay Example Therefore, Canada's place in the world economy requires the best use of ICT and this paper will attempt to study policies, information, and services that relate to Canada and the various benefits that can be derived from use of ICT. With the ability of Canadians to communicate worldwide, new problems arise and innovative solutions are necessary. Rapid developments in telecommunications require new communications and digital and analog systems technologies. Innovations in applied science, particularly in computer systems and applications, are necessary due to economic factors in Canada, which, together with other major countries of the world, are in turmoil. Ryerson University, based in Toronto, is involved in research in all areas of communication. Information and communications technology adoption has been necessary, and ongoing research is investigating the organizational and social implications of what can be called "anytime, anywhere computing" (Ryerson, 2006). This paper will attempt to study the policies, information and services put in place by private and public means and determine the ways in which Canadians can benefit from ongoing global communications systems. Before individuals can access the Internet, they need a service provider (ISP). The purpose of the ISP is to have some economic control over individual Internet use. But once the connection is made, the Internet has expanded to a point where individuals can interact online and offer opinions, suggestions, and product promotions, as well as personal movies, on sites such as MySpace and YouTube, and the Stock Market in Toronto is able to use mobile phones to buy and sell stocks. In fact, it is now possible to hold a global communications command center in one's hand, with voice mail, text mail, caller ID, video, a news banner, and music available 24-7. In addition, the Internet offers online banking and online shopping. There are many ways to go online, but once connected to an ISP, most everyone has Internet Explorer or a facsimile as a method of connecting to different sites online. The major search engine online is Google, with competition from Yahoo, and Ask.com. With so much onli ne freedom, policies are necessary to offer guidelines and easy safe access for Canadian users. Technology can be used to unite society, but it can also divide. Privacy and security are major concerns and related issues require policies that relate to Canada specifically. One particular aspect is the fact that Canada recognizes two major languages-English and French. Therefore, it is important that policies are accessible in both languages. Exactly what are the policies presently in place for Internet users Some areas in which policies have been introduced and are under review are in government online strategy, telecommunications, natural resources, advertising, and issues of personal privacy (Introduction, 2008). Government Online Strategy In 2001, the Canadian government acknowledged that policy should include a citizen focus involving Canadians in the "development, review and evaluation of policies, programs, services,

The Film Food Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

The Film Food Inc - Essay Example The documentary speaks to both official authorities and public to protest against the practices which are environmentally unsustainable. It is stressed that there should be organic food production in the US. This message is vigorously stressed throughout the film from start to end because industrial food producers employ wrong methods which are abusive to animals. Also, the pesticides used are harmful to food which is produced. This is the reason this film attracted huge criticism from industrial food producers and pesticide manufacturers because it works to uncover myriad hideous aspects of agribusiness in the US. Various ideas presented in the documentary are arranged chronologically. This is another riveting thing about this film because the ideas are not just thrown haphazardly at the audience so that it becomes difficult to focus on ideas individually. There is no scattering of ideas or events, rather there is a sequence which makes it easier to absorb the message conveyed by th e director. For example, first, the film is divided into three segments to ensure there is no mixing of events. Starting from the industrial production of meat and poultry to the production of grains and vegetables to the heavy use of harmful pesticides and fertilizers to the promotion of unhealthy and contaminated food, Kenner goes all the way through to inform the public about the reality of their food consumption habits. The effect of this strategy used by the director on the audience is of critical importance because it reflects how deep the message is embedded in the minds of every person who watched the film. The more scattering or clattering there is of ideas, the less chance is of any idea properly embedding in a mind and the message is not retained.

A Proposal to Research the Liquid Remains After Resomation Essay Example for Free

A Proposal to Research the Liquid Remains After Resomation Essay Resomation is an alternative to cremation that helps the funeral industry and cuts down mercury emissions. The new technique of disposing a corpse is still not welcomed into potential clients mind frame do to the lack of information on the left over liquid once resomation is completed. I propose more research to be done on the liquid left behind and that the data collected to be shared with the general public. The research will be conducted within two years and six months with the result being a press release of our findings. I am asking for 1,388,800 dollars to fund this research and two years and six months to complete the project. With our findings clientele will be more aware of resomation and the components of the liquid that remains after completion. Introduction Cremation accounts for 34.34 percent of all corpse disposal in the United States in 2006 and is expected to rise to 58.85 percent by 2025 (CANA, 2008). Unfortunately, in the process of cremation, there are considerable amounts of mercury emissions into the atmosphere. Approximately 320 pounds of mercury is released by U.S. crematoriums each year (Reindl, 2008). Because of the high levels of mercury dispersed by U.S. crematoriums it is necessary for more research to be done on resomation as an alternative to cremation. This document is proposing more research to be done on resomation’s environmental aspects after the resomation process. This proposal will include the following information. The background on cremation, mercury and resomation will be covered, followed by my qualifications and project description. Background Since the 1870’s cremation has been a means of disposing a human body in the United States. However, cremation only accounted for 5 percent of all dispositions until 1972 when the market started to gain popularity (Davis and Mates, Page 102). As stated in the introduction, in 2006 cremation accounted for 34.34 percent of all dispositions and is expected to increase to 58.85 percent by 2025 (CANA, 2008). With the interest in cremation growing, so is the concern of mercury emissions due to the dental fillings of the deceased during cremation. The dental work has been accounting for approximately 320 pounds of mercury into the atmosphere. The amount of mercury emitted is estimated to rise even higher as more families are choosing cremation (Reindle, 2008). There are many questions regarding how to handle the mercury situation respectfully, safely and environmentally. Resomation is a new technique being used in 6 states in the U.S.(ABC News, 2011). The new process is beneficial to the funeral industry because of its fuel efficiency (Resomation LTD). This new technique can help the funeral industry make more profit along with reducing mercury emissions, that is if potential consumers choose resomation. Resomation still sets potential consumers ill at ease. The potential clientele are still hesitant to use the new method of disposition because of the liquids leftover after the process is finished (NYTimes). Some fear that the liquids are harmful for the environment because there have been few studies on the topic. The problem is potential clientele are reluctant to use resomation for fear that the liquid could be detrimental to the environment and to themselves (TIME). Research needs to be done so that there is more information for the general public about resomation. With this information available potential consumers will choose resomation over cremation. Qualifications I am a junior in the College of Public Health and Human Sciences at Oregon state University, majoring in Human Development and Family Sciences with a minor in Biology. I have taken several classes related to chemical compounds, environmental studies and the human body. These courses will aid me in gathering research along with other scientists on my team. Leadership and organization are traits I posses and have shown in my previous work experiences. In my experience as a funeral directors assistant I was able to converse with families about the reasons they decided to not choose resomation. From my conversations with them I found that the overall concern was due to the liquefying process. Because of this experience in my life I feel like I can understand the concern of the general public. Project Description The purpose of this proposal is to conduct research revolving around the remaining liquid after the resomation process is completed. The results found in the research will give us information on whether the remaining liquid is environmentally safe or unsafe. Objectives In our research I will achieve the following goals: * Determine the exact chemical makeup of the remaining liquid left after resomation has taken place. * Determine if the liquid is environmentally safe. * Complete a press release on the findings. Methodology My plan for achieving the goals discussed in the previous section is by testing the liquid of donated human corpses after resomation has taken place. We plan on using 150 donated corpses to conduct the research study. Once the bodies have been resomated we will collect five samples of the liquid remains to be tested later on in the study. Testing the liquid will be done by using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Mass spectrometry is a technique used for separating and identifying molecules based on mass. This technique will help determine the molecules in the liquid and will be able to identify if any of the deceased DNA is present (Genetics, 2003). Nuclear magnetic resonance is used to determine the structure of new natural and synthetic compounds, the purity of send compounds and its chemical reaction with the other compounds in the solution (Medical Discoveries, 1997). These two tools are able to determine chemical structures so that an accurate description of the liquids makeup can be found. With these instruments at hand we can determine the chemical compounds of the liquid down to its basic chemical elements. Once we have the chemical make-up of the liquid, we will begin to start looking at their reactions to the environment and if it is harmful. When it is determined that the material contained in the liquid is harmful or not harmful, we will begin work on a journal article that states our findings. After the journal article is finished we will create a press release so that our findings can be made known to the media. To respect the families of those who donated their bodies, we wish to return the ashes to them. This will not be a great cost to the project for it is just sending the remains to their family’s homes. Evaluation Tracking the experiments progress will be done by having the scientists and graduate students participating in the study keep journals of their progress each day. This way of tracking will help determine if we are moving at a slower or faster pace than what we are scheduled. Check points throughout the study will also be a way to evaluate our progress. An example of a check point would be to have all the samples of the remaining liquid collected by October of 2012. These check points will help the study stay on track and also give us small goals to achieve throughout the process. Determining if the project is successful or unsuccessful relies on if we can determine the chemicals present in the liquid. The success is not necessarily determined by if the liquids are environmentally safe. Whether our findings say it safe or unsafe we will be learning more about resomation which is a success because little is known about the process. Schedule The set schedule for the entire project is two years and six months, starting January of 2012. I will need seven months to find a location for the project to take place and for the equipment to be installed. Also within those seven months I intend to employ six graduate students and three scientists to work alongside me. After the completion of the seven months we will begin on the process of disposing of the donated bodies and taking samples of the remaining liquid. The course of disposing of the 150 human bodies will be given three months for completion, October of 2012. After all the samples are collected we will begin on using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance to determine the chemical compounds of the liquid. This part of the study must be completed by March of 2013. Once the data is collect from the samples we will need two months to determine if the compounds are environmentally friendly, May 2013. By the June of 2013 we will begin work on a journal article and have it completed by July of 2014. After the article is finished we will have a press release on our findings. The press release should be completed by August of 2014 and sent into the public. Budget The budget for this project is broken down as follows. * 400,000 dollars for a resomation chamber (Resomation Ltd.) * 68,800 dollars for a mass spectrometer (Labx) * 20,000 dollars for a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (Labx) * 800,000 dollars for employment of workers * 150,000 dollars for facility coverage for two years and six months * 100,000 for lab equipment I need 1,388,800 dollars to complete this project. I will need 538,800 dollars immediately to begin purchasing the equipment and securing a location. The rest of the 850,000 can be given in increments throughout the course of the project. Conclusion More research needs to be done on resomation so that more information is available to potential clientele. With this research I plan to determine the exact chemical makeup of the remaining liquid left after resomation has taken place and its environmental risks. After the project is complete, a press release will be created to inform the general public of our findings. With this association’s involvement in our research we can increase the use of resomation by the potential clientele. Resomation will financially benefit the funeral industry overtime more so than cremation (Rindle, 2008). The process of resomation is more cost effective for the funeral industry than cremation because it uses fewer resources, such as fuel. Not only does resomation help this association, but it also helps cut down on mercury emissions caused by cremation. With your financing of my project, potential clientele will begin to choose resomation over cremation. This new process will be benefitting both the National Funeral Directors Association and the environment. Works Cited Aquamation, a Form of Cremation: Better for the Environment? TIME. Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews TIME.com. Web. 02 Dec. 2011. http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,2022206,00.html. About CANA. Cremation Association of North America (CANA). Cremation Association of North America, 2000. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. http://www.cremationassociation.org/?page=AboutCANA. Davies, Douglas James., and Lewis H. Mates. CANA. Encyclopedia of Cremation. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2005. Print. Klotz, Irene. Resomation Green Alternative to Cremation or Burial After Funeral, to Be Offered in Florida ABC News. ABCNews.com: Daily News, Breaking News and Video Broadcasts ABC News. Web. 02 Dec. 2011. http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/resomation-green-alternative-cremation-burial-funeral-offered-florida/story?id=14457825. Konigsberg, Ruth Davis. Resomation NYTimes.com. The New York Times Breaking News, World News Multimedia. 13 Dec. 2009. Web. 02 Dec. 2 011. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9504E1DD1E39F930A25751C1A96F9C8B63. NMR Systems, New and Used NMR Spectrometers For Sale. LabX New and Used Laboratory Equipment For Sale, Auctions, Wanted. Web. 02 Dec. 2011. http://www.labx.com/v2/newad.cfm?catid=18. Reindl, John. Summary of References on Mercury Emissions from Crematoria. Tech. 2008. Web. 7 Nov. 2011. http://www.ejnet.org/crematoria/reindl.pdf. Robinson, Richard. Mass Spectrometry. Genetics. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. 2 Dec. 2011 http://www.encyclopedia.com. The Resomation Process. Resomation Home. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. http://www.resomation.com/index_files/Page347.htm. X-ray Crystallography. Medical Discoveries. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 2 Dec. 2011 http://www.encyclopedia.com. Bibliography About CANA. Cremation Association of North America (CANA). Cremation Association of North America, 2000. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. http://www.cremationassociation.org/?page=AboutCANA. Age Data. Census Bureau Home Page. 2010. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/age/general-age.html. Ashes to Ashes: Comparative Law regarding Survivors Disputes concerning Cremation and Cremated Remains. Oregon State University Libraries. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. http://mw8xt6bj7r.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004. Aquamation, a Form of Cremation: Better for the Environment? TIME. Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews TIME.com. Web. 02 Dec. 2011. http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,2022206,00.html. Davies, Douglas James., and Lewis H. Mates. CANA. Encyclopedia of Cremation. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2005. Print. Exit Strategies; Green Funerals. The Economist (US) 18 Sept. 2010. Print. Klotz, Irene. Resomation Green Alterna tive to Cremation or Burial After Funeral, to Be Offered in Florida ABC News. ABCNews.com: Daily News, Breaking News and Video Broadcasts ABC News. Web. 02 Dec. 2011. http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/resomation-green-alternative-cremation-burial-funeral-offered-florida/story?id=14457825.

The Importance of Narrative Analysis in a Fake News World

The Importance of Narrative Analysis in a Fake News World Heroes, Villains, and Strangers: The Importance of Narrative Analysis in a Fake News World In When Narrative Matters More Than Fact, Ashley Lamb-Sinclair argues that Facts [ ] mean very little to people caught up in storylines. When it comes to creating ideologies and perceptions about the world, narrative is more powerful than facts and figures. Human beings tend to believe ideas that arise out of internal narratives, and these narratives are often based on limited personal experience. In an era of fake news, there is a tendency for teachers to focus on fact-checking as a way for students to combat erroneous information. Lamb-Sinclair argues that fact-checking is not the most effective approach to addressing errors in perception. Rather than placing an emphasis on facts and figures, adults should teach young people to analyze narratives and identify unreliable narrators, as well as heroes and villains. Lamb-Sinclair argues that narratives shape beliefs, and minds are changed when narratives change. The author draws upon her own experiences and provides two examples of the way that narrative has affected her own views. In high school, a love of historical narrative affected the author so deeply that she chose to study history in college. Perhaps even more significantly, Sinclairs youth experience working with two Latino men who were a little more flirty than is probably appropriate to be toward a 17-year-old girl became the source of her own temporary prejudice against older Latino males. It wasnt until she moved to Southern California and became sisters with Latina women in a sorority that she was able to form a new image of Latino men. While in the sorority, she went on dates with several men, and had the best carne asada from the father of her Latino friend. These new experiences caused her internal narrative about Latino men to shift, and her perceptions changed along with the n arrative. The author also points out that in an era of fake news, an emphasis on fact-checking and trying to persuade people through facts is largely unsuccessful. Narrative is rooted in the human experience, and will always be more compelling than a collection of facts. Even when people are not conscious of being involved in narrative, they want to connect with characters and to follow a plot to its end through multiple layers of conflict. The fascination with story and narrative structure means that emphasizing the extent to which a statement is factual has little impact on someone, if that person has already formed a narrative that contradicts the facts. Lamb-Sinclair offers an alternative to fact-checking: The best way to teach true understanding is not by teaching students facts (although that is still a valuable lesson); it is to teach them to analyze, as one does with elements of narrative. The recent U.S. general election provides an example of how this alternative approach might be ef fective. Simply pointing out that Donald Trump didnt help save 2,100 jobs with the Carrier deal may not be persuasive for someone who has lost a job and gotten it back. Creating a new narrative that challenges someones pre-existing narrative is far more likely to have an impact on causing someone to question her or his pre-existing views. Lamb-Sinclair sees adults, and particularly teachers, as playing an important role in teaching younger people how to analyze narratives. Teachers must not only teach students how to be critical thinkers who question the validity of facts, but also how to dissect a narrative and to identify unreliable narrators. Teachers must expose students to various types of characters and plotlines from many perspectives, both fictional and real in order for students to develop the analytical skills necessary to engage with real-world narratives. The author suggests that if students are familiar with heroes and villains from literature and history, they will be equipped to recognize heroes and villains in real life situations. Sinclair illustrates her own commitment to narrative by omitting facts and figures from her article and relying on personal narratives to illustrate her points. The efficacy of this approach poignantly demonstrates how susceptible readers are to being swept up in a narrative that makes use of only personal stories and recent events. Sinclair never refers to any statistics or facts when describing the way that her perceptions of Latino men shifted over time, yet her story resonates with the reader and felt trustworthy and factual. The author states that while no one had presented [her] with the facts, she understood much more of the story. Sinclair is critically aware that she has simply rewritten the original narrative, implying that the story is ever changing and another set of experiences could quickly alter what she believes. Lamb-Sinclair recognizes that not everyone has the opportunity to shift internal narratives through exposure to diverse people groups or experiences. The author states that while she was lucky enough to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ experience other cultures, the general population is not so fortunate. For that reason, Lamb-Sinclair writes to encourage the education system to teach students analytical skills to avoid another generation where the facts mean very little. If teachers and other responsible adults fail to teach young people how to recognize unreliable narratives and real-world heroes or villains, prejudice and bigotry may take root in our society and permeate the ideologies of future generations.

Physical Demands In Handball Physical Education Essay

Physical Demands In Handball Physical Education Essay Indian physical education has covered a long distance from ancient to modern period, during this period it has faced so many problems.1 In ancient time Indian games and sports were very much concerned about the development of the physique and for the art of offence and defense. The games were also considered for the kind of recreation, which played a vital role in the development of a mans personality. Games and sports, music, fishing, boating, singing dancing and water sports, had played important role in the life of human being.2 Physical Demands in Handball Handball is an Olympic sport played professionally in many countries. In spite of professionalization, this game need to scientific information to increased handball players performance. This can be due to many reasons, one of them is that most of the research which has been conducted in this field has been published in Eastern European countries and is not readily accessible to the sport science community. Another reason can be attributed to the conservative approach of most coaches towards physical conditioning for handball players. Modem handball is a fast game, characterized by incredible athletic performances by athletes. In fact, modern handball players are able to perform many different moves like jumping, running, change of directions and technical movements in very short time and with an order determined by the tactical situation. Players run with and without the ball, in line and with different paths, jumping, throwing, passing and receiving in motion or during flight represent the technical characteristics of a modem top handball player. Then, to excel at the highest levels, it is important that training methodologies are developed on simple basis specificity. The closer to the demands of the performance, the better the training is. To obey to the law of specificity we have to know exactly what are the physiological demands of handball performance. Research in Handball Handball matches have duration of 60 minutes divided in two halves lasting 30 minutes each. During this time players cover a total distance ranging from 2000 to 6000 meters, based upon different situations position on the field, tactical defensive and offensive characteristics of the team and characteristics of the game itself and so far and so forth. In a work presented by Cuesta (1988) handball players of the Spanish national team have shown to cover the following distances based upon playing position Left wing-3557 meters, Right wing-4083 meters, Left back-3464 meters, Right back-2857 meters, Pivot player- 3531 meters. The above-mentioned distances are close to the ones recorded in Konzak Schake (in Cuesta, 1988) related to DDR players. In a study conducted in Italy with a specific apparatus Play Controller, (Phromos, Perugia) 5000 meters were covered by a right wing during an official match of the Italian Second league. It is important to affirm the total displacement of players on the field is affected by many different parameters. Tactical disposition, position on the field, characteristics of the match itself, are all factors which in some way can affect the amount of space covered by the players on the field. However, what is important to say is that handball players cover the total distance alternating high-intensity actions (sprinting, fast direction changes, jumping) with game phases characterized by relatively low metabolic demands due to the low intensity of the actions. It can be said then that the metabolic demands of modern handball involve the aerobic and anaerobic energy pathways. As a supportive evidence, Konzak and Schacke (in Cuesta, 1988), have shown that, during a Handball match, players perform 190 rhythm variations, 279 change of direction and 16 jumps. Then, based upon what these authors say, a handball player performs a total 485 high-intensity movements in 60 minutes and aver age of 8 per minute, above results show that handball players require lot of physical capacity during match situation. Necessity of Assessment in Handball Team handball is a complex sport, which requires players to have well developed aerobic and anaerobic capacities Motor ability such as a sprinting, jumping, flexibility and throwing velocity represent physical activities are considered as important aspects of the game and contribute to the high performance of the team. Successful performance requires explosive power of the leg and arms, sprinting velocity and kinaesthetic feeling in ball control. On the other hand in a modern time handball players model specific anthropometric characteristics play a supportive role in helping better performance of athletes under the actual competitive condition. Specifically, body, height, body mass, palm span and palm length are important in improving athletes performance and are considered as basic criterion for athletes selection in various playing position. Specific skills also considered as the fundamental and important aspects of the game. First consideration in the training programme in handba ll must be given to skill.3 AAHPER, one of the well known institute regarding health, physical education and recreation in America also made survey about skill test and norms. Skill test and norms always help the players to evaluate their performance in the game and to provide an impetus to improvements. Need of evaluation of Handball players.4 Need of evaluation of Handball Players As compare to other games handball is most popular and fastest game in the world. It needs good physical structure, physical fitness and skill. For handball game it is quite difficult to evaluate the player because coach, selection committee, physical education teachers have to consider the above aspects. Evaluation of the players is the important process for teaching and coaching, through evaluation, a coach, selection committee members, physical educator and players know the draw backs of their games. At the time of evaluation coach advice players to improve the draw backs in their games. Hence, the coach, selection committee member and players must be aware of some evaluation techniques, which enable him to measure the fitness and skill objectively and classify them initially as well as by measuring the progress made by them. Handball players require good physical fitness, good body structure and good fundamental skill of handball for top performance in handball.5 Evaluation of sportsman is a must to identify their area of weaknesses and designed training model for improving specific athlete deficiencies. It also helps to follow the athlete improvement during training and game session. There are various tests for physical activities and games which help to measure the playing abilities of the players in different games. The test helps the players to evaluate their performance, predict future performance, indicate weakness, place the athlete in appropriate training programme or training group, motivate the athlete and to provide an incentive for improvement. The tests also help the trainers, coaches, selection committee to measure players performance and to evaluate their own coaching procedure and programme. These, tests should be used For the selection process, but unfortunately at the time of selection, selection committee only consider performance of the player on the basis of single game situation as a selection criterion. Unavailability of proper norms for selection of senior handball players in Maharashtra and in India is one of the main the reason of it. So the researcher has decided to conduct the study entitled Reforms in the Norms of Selection procedure for Maharashtra State Senior Level Male Players in Handball Game 1.1. History of Handball Ancient History Game including the hand and a ball looks back on a unbelievably long tradition. Even if the rules and the way of playing were hardly in line with todays handball, the Urania game played by the Greek which had already been mentioned in Homers Odyssey or Harpaston played by the Romans described by Claudius Galenus (AD 110 200) among others may definitely be characterized as prototype of todays handball. Such precursors also existed in todays Central Europe. Minnesingers Walther von der Vogelweide (1170 1230) sang about a, catch ball game, whereas in the 16th century, the Frank Rabelais described a kind of game in which the hands were used for playing the ball. Another game similar to handball was played by Greenlands Intuits at the end of the 18th century. The actual beginnings of the game of handball didnt develop until the end of the 19th century. A corresponding game was held in Nyborg (Denmark) in 1897. From that point on, fixed rules for ball games played between teams emerged . Games such as Treibball played against or over a border (Grenzball or Raffball, Konigsberger Ball) were well-known. Moreover, there were games towards baskets or against nets (German netball, nevjall. Turmball ), and later on games towards goals without ball control. Players were not allowed to run with the ball and to hold it longer than three seconds (Handball 1906 in Sweden, Neuer Raffball, Torball). Further development included games towards goals with ball control. In this case, players were allowed to run three steps with the ball or to hold it for three seconds. A kind of game from the Czech Republic was called Hazena, a form of field handball which already included the division of the playing field into three parts characterizing field handball. However, countries such as Denmark, Germany and Sweden are considered as the real handball pioneers of modern times.6 Modern Development Field handball was pushed by German gymnastics teacher so that, alongside handball, it became popular as an alternative to football, especially for women. In 1917, Max Heiser formulated the first official handball rules for women. Two years later, Karl Schelenz added the rules for the men. In the 20s, handball became a national sport. On the occasion of a meeting in The Hague (Netherlands) in 1926, the Congress of the International Amateur Athletics Federation appointed a commission for the elaboration of international playing rules for field handball. In 1928, the International Amateur Handball Federation (IAHF) was founded in Amsterdam on the occasion of the IX Olympic Games. One of the foundation members was Avery Brundage (USA) who later became IOC President in 1933; handball was included in the Olympic Programme. At the XI Olympic Games in Berlin, host Germany won the final and therefore the gold medal in the pouring rain in front of an audience of 100.000 people, beating Austria 10:6. One year after the end of World War II, representatives of eight nations met in Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, and launched the International Handball Federation (IHF). It is considered founded on 11 July 1946. The nations; involved in the foundation are Denmark, Finland, France, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden and Swi tzerland. In 1960, the last Womens Outdoor World Championship was played whereas the last Mens Outdoor World Championship took place in 1996. At the XXXII Congress in Cairo, which has been the last official one so far, 167 member federations were counted. By now, handball is being played in 183 countries and the number of teams amounts to approximately 800,000. 1.2. History of Asian Handball Federation The march of the Asian Handball Federation had began when the Martyr Shaikh Fahad Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah head of the Kuwaiti delegation to the seventh Asian games, Tehran Iran 1974, presented a motion to the Executive Committee of the Asian Gamess requesting recognition of the handball game and also formation of the Asian Handball Federation. Consequently, in 1976, Handball Federations from all over Asia were invited to attend the establishment meeting during which representatives from fourteen Asian countries. Since its establishment in year 1974, AHF activities have been progressively expanding as its strategy has been focused on development and expansion of the handball game in the Asian continent. AHF members have been also actively involved in the remarkable achievements throughout the way.7 Table 1.1 Result of Asian Handball Championship Sr. No Year Host Country Gold Silver Bronze 1 1977 Kuwait Japan Korea China 2 1979 China Japan China Kuwait 3 1983 Korea Korea Japan Kuwait 4 1987 Jordan Korea Japan Kuwait 5 1989 China Korea Japan Kuwait 6 1991 Japan Korea Japan China 7 1993 Bahrain Korea Kuwait Japan 8 1995 Kuwait Kuwait Korea Bahrain 9 2000 Japan Korea China Japan 10 2002 Iran Kuwait Qatar Saudi- Arabia 11 2004 Qatar Kuwait Japan Qatar 12 2006 Thailand Kuwait Korea Qatar 11 2008 Iran Korea Kuwait Saudi- Arabia 14 2010 Lebanon Korea Bahrain Japan 15 2012 Jeddah Proposed 1.3. World Championship In 1938, the first Indoor Handball World Championship was played in the Deutschlandhalle in Berlin. This first Tournament was held with only four participating teams. The first field handball WC was held in July of the same year in Berlin and other German cities, which was also won by Germany who were then Olympic champions (in 1936) and dual world champions. Both WC tournaments were administered by the IAHF (International Amateur Handball Federation), the forerunner organization of 1946 founded IHF, which was founded in 1928, and meant to be celebrational events for the l0th birthday of the Organization. The first World Championship took place in Germany in 1938, involving four teams from Europe. Throughout their history, the World Championships has been dominated by European teams any medals have yet to be won by non-Europeans.8 Table 1.2 Result of Handball World Championships Sr. No. Year Host Country Gold Silver Bronze 1 1938 Germany Germany Austria Sweden 2 1954 Sweden Sweden West Germany Czechoslovakia 3 1958 East Germany Sweden Czechoslovakia Germany 4 1961 West Germany Romania Czechoslovakia Sweden 5 1964 Czechoslovakia Romania Sweden Czechoslovakia 6 1967 Sweden Czechoslovakia Denmark Romania 7 1978 Denmark West Germany Soviet Union East Germany 8 1982 West Germany Soviet Union Yugoslavia Poland 9 1986 Switzerland Yugoslavia Hungary East Germany 10 1990 Czechoslovakia Sweden Soviet Union Romania 11 1993 Sweden Russia France Sweden 12 1995 Iceland France Croatia Sweden 11 1997 Japan Russia Sweden France 14 1999 Egypt Sweden Russia Yugoslavia 15 2001 France France Sweden Yugoslavia 16 2003 Portugal Croatia Germany France 17 2005 Tunisia Spain Croatia France 18 2007 Germany Germany Poland Denmark 19 2009 Croatia France Croatia Poland 20 2011 Sweden France Denmark Spain 21 2011 Spain Proposed 1.4. Handball in Olympics After 1936, field handball was no longer played at the games; Indoor handball was presented for the first time at the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich. The introduction of womens handball to the Games took place in 1976 in Montreal. The Soviet Union won this first womens Olympic competition, taking home two gold medals after the 11-team mens competition and the six-team womens one.9 Table 1.3 Result of Handball Olympics Championships Sr. No. Year Host Country Gold Silver Bronze 1 1936 Berlin Germany Austria Switzerland 2 1948-1968 Not include in Olympic programme 3 1972 Munich Yugoslavia Czechoslovakia Romania 4 1976 Montreal Soviet Union Romania Poland 5 1980 Moscow East Germany Soviet Union Romania 6 1984 Los Angeles Yugoslavia West Germany Romania 7 1988 Seoul Soviet Union South Korea Yugoslavia 8 1992 Barcelona Unified Team Sweden Spine 9 1996 Atlanta Croatia Sweden France 10 2000 Sydney Russia Sweden Spain 11 2004 Athens Croatia Germany Russia 12 2008 Beijing France Iceland Spain 13 2012 London France Sweden Croatia 1.5. History of Handball in India In India, handball has become famous among other sports played at Schools, colleges, university, clubs and professionally. It is world second fastest game and always considered as a high fitness, perception, speed, timing, accuracy and agility. With its rules and regulation and playing set up is being popularly played in India. It is a devoting and challenging game. Indian athletes also represent National and International competitions in this game but lake of scientific Training, Knowledge, dirty politics, quota system research based information the results of handball players are very poor in international area. Handball entered India in early seventies with filed version (11 a side) outdoor game and Indian handball federation was formed in 1971, with 16 states as its units was played in its infant days in India, first senior national championship held at Haryana (Rohatak). Soon it spread all over the country but state like Punjab, Haryana, Jammu-Kashmir, A.P and Maharashtra have e dge over other states as far as standards and popularity of handball in India, On date IHF 33 units (States, Boards, Steel Plants and Railways) Punjab Police, Services C.I.C.F, C.R.P.F Professional team which dominated handball Scene the country. The place of this game in Asian was given in 1982 which was held in India at Delhi. This game was included all India-Inter University in 1979-80 and first All India Inter University held at Nagpur, Nagpur university won the Gold Medal, Silver Medal was won by Punjab, Bronze Medal was won by Osmania and Kurukshetra University got fourth place in men section. Women section Nagpur University P.A.U. University and Bombay University were bagged Gold, Silver and Bronze accordingly. Handball was included is a National games. Services, Punjab, Haryana, Jammu-Kashmir, Kerala, A.P and Maharashtra these states have given many International players to India. Indian team has participated at various international tournaments. Out of which India could win Second youth commonwealth handball championship held at Dhaka in 1995 after being runner up in 1990 at New Delhi, youth team also got second Place in 1997 commonwealth youth handball championship held at Edinburgh U.K. Apart from participation of India team some in club teams like Services, Punjab police, SAI, Gujarat and National Handball academy club participate in championship held at Malaysia, South Africa and Cochin. Services Handball team participated in world military Games. Punjab Police team remained runners up in South Africa. After infusion of handball events in police arena, it has generated more competition in national and state championships. Presently services team is the senior national champion. Similarly handball was introduced Maharashtra in 1972 at Nagpur and first handball state championship held at Nagpur. Since handball is most popular team game in Maharashtra and provides many quality International players. Presently Pune District team was champion of State Championship.10 Table 1.4 Result of Handball National Championships Sr. No. Year Host Country Gold Silver Bronze 1. 1972 Rothak Haryana A.P. 2. 1973 Hyderabad A.P. U.P. 3. 1973 Pune Punjab Bihar J K 4. 1975 Bangalore Bihar A.P. J K 5. 1976 Jamshedpur I.A.F. Bihar 6. 1977 Nizamabad I.A.F. Bihar 7. 1978 Shrinagar I.A.F. J K 8. 1979 Hyderabad I.A.F. A.P. 9. 1979 Ludhiana I.A.F. Maharashtra J K 10. 1980 Jammu I.A.F. Maharashtra 11. 1981 Hyderabad I.A.F. J K 12. 1982 Delhi I.A.F. Maharashtra A.P. 13. 1983 Wardha 14. 1985 Quilon I.A.F. A.P. Punjab 15. 1986 Bhadreswar Services Maharashtra J K 16. 1986 Bilaspur Services Steel Plants Punjab 17. 1987 J K Services Steel Plant Punjab 18. 1988 Jaipur Services Steel Plant Haryana 19. 1990 Hissar J K Services Haryana 20. 1991 Bhilai Services Steel Plant Punjab 21. 1992 Shimoga Services Steel Plant J K 22. 1992 Bilaspur Services Steel Plant J K 23. 1993 Ludhiana 24. 1994 Lucknow Services Steel Plant U.P. 25. 1994 Jamshedpur Services Karnataka Punjab 26. 1995 Warangal Services Punjab Steel Plant 27. 1996 Nagpur Services Punjab Steel Plant 28. 1997 Jallandar 29. 1997 Trivandrum Services Steel Plant Punjab 30. 1998 Vijayawada Services M.P. J K 31. 1999 Pune Services Rajasthan M.P. 32. 2000 Calicut 33. 2001 Bhilai M.P. Services Punjab 34. 2002 Jammu J K Chhattisgarh Services 35. 2003 Bhilai Chhattisgarh Rajasthan Services 36. 2004 Renikot Punjab Chhattisgarh Services 37. 2004 Jamshedpur Jharkhand SSCB Chhattisgarh 38. 2005 Bhilai Chhattisgarh Kerala Punjab 39. 2006 Ludhiana Punjab SSCB Chhattisgarh 40. 2007 Bilaspur Punjab SSCB Chhattisgarh 41. 2008 Bangalore SSCB Chhattisgarh Punjab 42. 2009 Vishakhapatnam SSCB Punjab Chhattisgarh 43. 2010 Kolkata Chhattisgarh SSCB Punjab 44. 2011 Indore SSCB Punjab Delhi 1.6. Statement of the Problems On the basis of overall observations, experience and general discussions which have been made with experts, referees, national and international players and reviewing of literature on the same theme, it is opined that there is an essential need to frame standard criteria for the selection of efficient and suitable players for handball game to be played at state or national level. Accordingly the present researcher has designed the following statement of problems: 1) Selection of players only on the basis of individual performance in a particular match is not always desirable. 2) In the selection process, basic motor qualities and skills are the most important factors to be considered in order to improve overall performance of the team in the long run. 3) There is no any criterion devised on the date for senior handball players in Maharashtra to provide guidelines for selection of suitable players. 1.7. Significance of the study There are an only a few research studies that have been conducted on this direction in India. Hence, as a serious dearth of research on it, the present study is an immense important to handball coaches, trainer and physical education teachers for making effective coaching and training as well as framing strategies for selecting suitable handball players in a team. It will be proved so fruitful to the selection committees to assess and evaluate the individual performance of handball players to use them for state, national level handball teams. The study may also provide an opportunity and encouragement to the sports talent to go through the standard norms and criteria for their practice in order to enhance their performance for getting selection in state, national team. Besides, the study is to provide an opportunity to research fellow to conduct further research in new dimension in the competitive arena. 1.8. Objectives of the study 1. To identify the performance variables of team handball. 2. To measure selected Morphological, Physical Fitness components and Handball skills. 3. To develop the Norms for Senior handball State level players. 4. To design grading scales for Senior handball State level players. 5. To find out Physical Fitness and Skill status of senior handball players on the basis of developed norms. 1.9. Hypotheses 1. The subjects have performed the fitness and skill test truthfully and with full capacity. 2. The subjects are medically, physically and psychologically fit for tests conducted by the researcher. 3. Maharashtra State Handball Association will permit to conduct the test on the subjects. 1.10. Delimitation of the study 1. This study is restricted to male senior handball players only. 2. This study measures the results of selected morphological, physical fitness and skills only. 3. The study geographical restricted to the Maharashtra state only. 1.11. Limitations of the study 1. The subjects covered under the study from various districts and regions of Maharashtra states having different economical status, diet and training. These are highly impossible to control, hence are limitation to study. 2. Heredity and environmental background of subjects may affect their performance in matches and they have not been controlled. . 1.12. Definitions In order to clarify the further discussion in the study, the following terms have adopted. Norms 11 Norms are performance standards based on analysis of scores. They are developed by collecting scores for a large number of individuals of the same gender and similar age, experience, ability and other such characteristics. Norms may be developed at the National, state or local level. Percentile, T-scores and Z-scores are forms of norms. Pcrcentile12 For the current study the percentile refers to a point in a distribution of scores below which a given percentage of the scores fall. Morphology13 It is a systematic study of external structure and form. Standing Height14 It is the maximum height of the individual when standing erect on a horizontal surface with his head and face in Frankfurt horizontal plane. It is the straight height of the subject (bare-footed) up to the point vertex. It is generally in meters nearest to half of the centimetre. Body weight15 Weight of the nude human body with empty bowels, is known as a body weight. It is measured by the help of weighing machine, is recorded in kilogram nearest to half of kilogram. Physical fitness16 It is the optimum ability to excel in physical strength, stamina and suppleness with respect to status, development and maintenance (SDM). Physical fitness has also defined as ones capacity to perform routine tasks with ease without any fatigue having sufficient extra energy for leisure time activities (WHO) Muscular Strength17 Muscular strength may be defined as the maximal muscular force or tension used in the creation or prevention of the movement in one maximal effort of a muscle group. Muscular Endurance18

Anti-Hemp Legalization :: Hemp Marijuana Drugs Essays

Anti-Hemp Legalization The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 was the first ban on hemp in the United States. Then in 1942 the government lifted the ban and encouraged farmers to cultivate hemp to help with the war effort. The ban was later put into effect again in 1957. The ban of hemp in America is still in effect by the Controlled Substances Act of 1972. Hemp or cannabis sativa is the same species as marijuana. It is impossible to grow hemp without the tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) rich leaves and seeds. While the leaves and seeds can contain up to 30 percent THC, the hemp stalk and roots contain less than one percent. Therefore the government has kept the plant banned in the country. With the ban, the government keeping the upper hand on the â€Å"War on Drugs† in America, protecting the youth from the illegal substance marijuana, and keeping wealthy corporations in their pockets. Many Drug Enforcement Agency members say â€Å"Advocates for hemp legalization argue that US drug laws could be amended to allow the growing of cannabis for industrial hemp, but keeping marijuana growing illegal. Drug and law enforcement agencies, however, maintain that marijuana growers would be able to hide their cannabis plants among the legal hemp plants and it would be impossible for narcotics agents to distinguish the two† (Domke). The government keeps hemp illegal from fear of easy marijuana access and growing capabilities in the hemp fields. Marijuana could easily be grown in hemp fields because of how much shorter a marijuana plant is compared to a hemp plant. The hemp would canopy the illegal substance making it hard for DEA officials to spot potential marijuana growing. The DEA searches potential marijuana fields from a helicopter, and if you have hemp fields growing, there would be no way for them to see if there were any marijuana plants growing beneath them, making the process of growing marijuana much easier and much larger. If hemp was legal there would be an overwhelming amount of marijuana flooding the streets making the authority’s job of keeping America’s streets drug free. The government’s main goal in keeping hemp illegal is to save the youth of America from corruption and abuse. If hemp were to be legalized, the children in America would be exposed to the drug marijuana at an earlier age then now. Statistics show that marijuana use at a young age can ruin ones life in the long run.

Taiwan Earthquake - The 9-21 Earthquake (September 21 1999) :: essays research papers

Taiwan Earthquake - The 9-21 Earthquake (September 21 1999) CNN: A special news report-This morning, there was an earthquake registering 7.6 on the Richter scale shaked Taiwan at 1:45am on September 21,1999. The epicenter is a mile under the ground in Nantou near Puli. There are many buildings crushed, and even a twelve floor-high rise building suddenly became a two floor- high rise building (the first to the sixth floors dipped into the underground, and the seventh to the twelfth floors went diagonally down and damaged the road.) As of press time the Disaster Management Center said 2,034 people were confirmed dead. Another 6,536 were injured and 2,308 were trapped, while 208 were still listed as missing. The number still increases, Taiwan has many earthquakes, and although most are centered under the sea and cause no damage. Some have brought disaster to the island, but this time is the biggest earthquake in Taiwanese history. Taiwanese call it the 9-21 earthquake because it happened on September 21 1999. I was at my work place, I had heard the news: there was a building crushed in Taipei because of a serious earthquake was registering 7.6 happened in Taiwan about an hour ago. I was so happy and careless because my entire family dose not live close to Taipei and I did not have any bad information about central Taiwan. During my lunch break, there was updating news from CNN station: the epicenter of this earthquake is in Nantou near Puli. My heart was stony and cold, after I knew the epicenter was in my grandmother’s hometown-Puli. Nantou County is approximately 200km south of Taipei, and it is the only place not around the ocean in Taiwan. There are only mountains around Nantou, and Puli is a small town in Nantou County. There are about two thousand people in Puli, and its wine, rice noodles, and beauty are the most famous things in Taiwan because Puli has very good and clean spring water, and the air quality is the top of the line- no pollution. Moreover Puli is a small town, and all the people in Puli are like a big family. People know everything in the town, and they knew me since I was born. It is a very different environment and experience in Puli than in America, and I love it very much. It was hard to believe that Mother Nature punished Puli and Taiwan so badly.

John Milton’s Paradise Lost as an Epic Poetry Essay

The epic poem has been regarded ion all ages and countries as the highest form of poetry and there are great epics in almost in all the literatures in the world. As Dr. Johnson has put it, â€Å"By the general consent of critics, the first praise of genius is due to the writer of an epic poem, as it requires an assemblage of all the powers which are singly sufficient for other compositions†¦ Epic poetry undertakes to teach the most important truths by the most pleasing precepts, and therefore, relates some great event in the most affecting manner† (xix). John Milton’s Paradise Lost belongs to a rare breed of epic poetry in that it conforms to all the structural aspects of an epic, much in contrast with the decline of epic in the eighteenth century (Griffin 143-154). In the eighteenth century, the epic conventions made a gradual shift to mock-heroic poetry – a literary form that pseudo-eulogizes events of stately stature, in a bid to satirize them. But Milton, an egotist throughout his life, picks up topics of profound significance in the context of Christianity, and writes in an epic style that is perfectly complemented by content and theme. This paper is going to analyze Paradise Lost as an epic poetry. Paradise Lost, which was originally published 1667 in 10 volumes, is written in blank verse – a literary device deployed to convey freedom of expression which is commonly attributed to poems of grand scope. The poem vividly narrates the story of Satan and the Fallen Angels. Man’s expulsion from God’s abode in heaven is the main theme addressed in the book. If one takes into consideration the binding principle of epic poetry as having some fundamental and simplest of storylines, Paradise Lost qualifies per se. the story of man giving in to temptation and his subsequent fall from divine grace is a recurring theme in many world literatures. Hence, its subject matter is of universal interest. Again, the story is told within a narrative framework which is fictional in nature. The narrative flow has plenty of drifts when the poet alludes to several biblical and pagan beliefs. But the allusions are very much in keeping with the central theme of the poem – to â€Å"justify the ways of God to men† (Milton, I. 26). Johnson’s views of an epic poem substantiate the thesis pretty well. Almost all the characteristic elements of an epic poem are present in Paradise Lost: The subject matter being dealt with ought to be of a grand scale, preferably some well known tales of heroism and/or defiance of convention. Normally, the subject of an epic is expected to deal with actual historical events or imaginary but probable tales.  The action of the story must be developed by a proportionate mix of grand narrative, dialog and soliloquy.  Meditative and dramatic elements abound in epic poetry. Hence, the canvas of an epic poetry is structured with minute attention to detail, having periodical digressions relevant to the progression of the storyline. The protagonist or the hero must not represent the institutional segment of society. In other words, his actions and words should reflect offbeat ideas intended to defy institutional norms. However, the hero should also possess moral transparency and lofty idealism. The story must be based on the hero.  The language and other literary techniques should be simple yet profound. One of the rudimentary aspects of epic poetry is that it should always be expressed in a free flowing form, stripped of excesses wherever feasible. At the same time, the language should never appear as if constrained by the plot. The plot and the narrative must complement each other without limiting the immense scope of each.  An epic should always propound a lofty moral, capable of standing on its own. in other words, an epic poem must have a generic message that stands true irrespective of times or ideological differences.   It may be noted that all the aforementioned elements can be found in Milton’s Paradise Lost. In addition to this, the poem also follows classical epic conventions such as invocation to the Muse, prolific usage of epic similes and metaphors, blank versification, repetition of lines and passages, permanent epithets and so on. The subject matter of Paradise Lost is common yet sublime. The very inclusion of a biblical theme sets the poem apart from ordinary tales of man’s temporal existence. The Fall of Man has a fatalistic attribution to it, which instantly encompasses everything ever created or to be created within Miltonic cosmos. Milton’s cosmology pertains to a profoundly sagacious vision of the heaven and the earth and how they make exchanges. Satan’s revolt against the Supreme Dictator lays down the premise for an epic rendering of mankind’s perpetual urge to go against norms that put chains on free will. In keeping with epic characteristics, the poem elicits sympathetic responses from readers and critics alike. On one hand, Adam and Eve are thrown out of heaven following their cardinal sin. The divine providence they would enjoy is no longer there. This puts in perspective the hierarchical notion of the order of beings – God at the helm of affairs followed by the list of created beings. What is of epic stature is that the lower hierarchy suddenly rebels against the highest, challenging the supreme authority in a dauntless manner. Their punishment is also a part of the development of an epic. Once they are booted off heaven, readers can almost sense that intangible attributes such as immortality and permanence are lost forever. What is born of defiance is what comes to be standing in the long run – man’s original happiness and restoration of peace and love in their reasonable forms. Once Satan and his men are taught a lesson, following the epic conventions, mortals no longer dare to put themselves in any fanciful longing guided by moral cogency. As far as action is concerned, Paradise Lost unitarily follows a single course of events – all culminating in a grand climax. Milton begins the story by describing the infernal council of the rebel angels, which precedes the Fall of Man. Aspects of epic poetry are rooted in the poet’s approach here. He does not intend to simply narrate the proceedings as they occur. He stamps his own persona by suggesting the mood for revelry the Fallen Angels are in. Thus, the storyline starts from a single point in time and advances from thereon. Nothing is left behind and nothing is to be seen or apprehended in advance. The battle of the angels and the creation of earth are events that follow from one another and do not occur discordantly. Invocation of the Muse, too, is a generic pattern commonly followed in epic poems (Poplawski 266). In essence, Milton’s Paradise Lost is typical of epic poetry in multiple regards. The way it deals with the subject matter, with linguistic mastery and in an introspective mood, goes to show the unique niche the poem still enjoys in literary domains worldwide. As an authentic piece of world literature, Paradise Lost excels over contemporary heroic poetry in many ways. Right from the outset, each character has particular relevance to the story and has generic relevance to the entirety of the historical framework the poem belongs to. Such flawless technique renders a stately charm to the poem.          Works Cited Griffin, Dustin. â€Å"Problems of Literary Theory.† New Literary History 14 (1982): 143-154. Milton, John. Paradise lost: a poem in twelve books. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, 1868. Milton, John, Elijah Fenton, and Samuel Johnson. Paradise lost. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, 1821. Poplawski, Paul. English Literature in context. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Character Analysis: “Everyday Use” Essay

The father in this story has lived a hard, long life, doing the job of a man, neer complaining, entirely doing the things to survive. Then we agree her daughter, Dee, who I picture as never having unkept a sweat in her life. As a child she hated her nursing home, her living, her tillage. When the stimulate had ruin down the old house, she vindicatory sit there in perplexity under an old gum tree, as if she wanted to dance in the ashes. She did e truly last(predicate) this while her mother was carrying Maggie, with arms burnt so bad they were sticking to her, and whose copper was singed and smoking with the foul stench of burning flesh. Why then, if her heritage means so much to her, didnt she lift a finger to save any of the house or items in it? Instead she sat under a tree admiring the calamity that was taking place.Like the house, her family was of little greatness to her. She was ashamed of their lack of knowledge and seemed very much bothered by the beggary in wh ich she lived. In her mind, to be main(prenominal) was to be worldly. To have riches and ardour were what mattered, not her family.Its ironic how when she was jr. she could not wait to get divulge of her lifestyle, but now she claims her civilisation is weighty to her. She point goes through the extent of changing her conjure up since in her mind, Dee was the physique presumptuousness to her by her oppressors when in reality it was the name passed down by her own family. Dee changes her name to Wangero Lewaninka Kemanjo, which supposedly goes back to her African roots. The mother passively accepts the change with no argument. She doesnt even say a discourse when Dee takes the churn top withdraw the cover churner that has milk in it that has already clabbered, and claims it as her own. Dee doesnt even stop to believe that its still in use, just that she wants it and thats that.The mothers late being nudged and pushed like the cow she doesnt mind Then Dee demands that s he be subject to take the two quilts that were made by her grandma. When the mother claims that the quilts were promised to her sister Maggie, Dee gets furious, stating that Maggie cant appreciate them. Shell ruin them by utilise them everyday.Dee is trying to gain a gloss that she believes comes from objects like the churner and the quilts. only when her idea of culture is something to be hung on a wall, limit on display. She has no idea that culture comes from knowing and living the culture. To them it is a dash of life to Dee, it is the in thing to do. I feel that the mother finally sees this in Dee and doesnt respect it. So for the head start time in the mothers life, the cow was milked the wrong way and had begun to kick. She snatches the quilts surface of Dees hands and throws them into the arms of Maggie. furiously stomping out of the house, Dee shouts, You dont encounter What? exclaims her mother. Your heritage, Dee responds.The final words Dee says are, Its actual ly a new day for us. But from the way you and mama still act, youd never know it. How is it that she doesnt even realize a simple teaching? She never has and she never will have this culture. Culture is not all art, its not something you turn on and off its life.

Union Movement in Late 19th Century

During 1870 by means of 1900 care shapeers joined together responding to the antecedent of their employers weed by the growth of industrialization. The worker did not forever and a solar sidereal sidereal day have the luxury of leaving after octet hours of work, the right to office, or the even the right to work in a safe environment. The working pack of nineteenth century America had to relate in argue to achieve the substantiates that are oftentimes interpreted selfishly and taken for granted today. There were legion(predicate) a(prenominal) successes and failures in organized labor the successes were often obtained through and through the loss of the worker, often through lost wages, jobs, or even death.The organization structure of the joint during 1870 through 1900 went through different cycles and strategies to achieve what they wanted. One of the stolon effective regional organized unions was the Knights of Labor organize in 1869. The knights took in not o nly trained workers but also any worker that could be truly classified as a producer. The knights took their glint in 1885 when strikes against merger Pacific, Southwest System, and Wabash railroads attracted public kind-heartedness and succeeded in preventing a reduction in wages, at this time they boasted a membership of 700,000. 1886 was a fast year for labor relations.There were nearly 1,600 strikes involving 600,000 workers, with the eight-hour day being the important item for all of the strikes. ill of some of the strikes and internal conflicts between the skilled workers and the unlearned led to a decline in the Knights popularity and influence. other organization called the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions created a constitution that other unions could adhere to. This constitution met in Pittsburgh on Nov. 15 1881 and was created by representatives of the cigar makers, the printers, the merchant seamen, leaf blade workers, carpenters and local units o f the Knights of Labor.One of the most important items in the constitution created by the FOTLU recommended that the legal eight-hour work day be an objective for every union to achieve. The FOTLU frankincense accelerated a strong national dig for a shorter work week. The AFL grew from 140,000 in 1886 to nearly on million by 1900. With these strengths in numbers they often preferred striking oer political action. The struggle for workers rights, wage increases and protests against wage cuts were often unsuccessful resulting in violence and death. cabbage workers were agitating for the eight-hour work day for months. On May 1st and 2nd 1886 were eighty thousand workers went on strike, bringing most of pelfs manu pointuring to a standstill. On May tertiary a fight between hundreds of strikers and non-union replacements broke out. Chicago police quickly moved in to quicken order, leaving four unionists dead and many wounded. fire by the deadly force of the police a group of anarc hists called on workers to arm themselves and participate in the massive protest demonstration in Haymarket satisfying on May 4.Only 3,000 members assembled and started out peacefully until late evening when someone still not known to this day threw a dud that killed 7 policemen and injured 67 others. Even though no evidence was ever found about who threw the bomb four anarchists were found guilty and sentenced to death. Ever since the Haymarket material symbolized for radicals and trade unionists over the injustice of a free-enterprise(prenominal) society but also associated negatively unions as un-American, criminalistic, and violent. Many other activists died or received injuries for their cause all around the country.In July of 1877 strike riots halted the run of U. S. railroads. After a few weeks of shutting mint most of countries railroad system national troops were sent in to try to end the comprehensive strike. This resulted in more violence and death in Chicago f or example federal troops killed 30 workers and wounded over 100. On June 14, 1877 in pascal ten coal-mining activists were hanged. October 1887 the Louisiana militia shot 35 unarmed black sugar workers striking to gain a dollar-per-day wage and lynched two strike leaders.1894 federal troops killed 34 American Railway Union members in Chicago attempting to break a strike. July 1892 triple hundred Pinkerton guards helped introduce scabs into the workplace by possibility fire on striking Carnegie mill sword workers, this resulted in the death of seven guards and eleven strikers. The predilection of demonstrations was often to get the attention of management to set up that they mean business and cant be pushed around so easily. New York garment workers won the right to unionize after a seven-month strike.They secured agreements for a closed shop, and firing of all scabs. Striking miners in Idaho dynamited the Frisco Mill. Leaving it to ruins, getting the attention they wanted. The popularity and growth of unions everywhere showed companies that they are not going to walk over their workers as easily as they did in the past. Although union demonstrations resulted in workers being injured, dead or fire they set the way for unions in the future to be successful in their endeavors.These demonstrations were successful in the fact that they showed management and companies that the American worker can unite and be heard as one vowelize rather than a mass of passive workers that would take any injustice given to them. It is to these unions that we owe many of the benefits and rights we see and use today, such as contend injustices such as biases and discrimination, winning the right to representation and collective bargaining, and the right for education for every child.

Issues in Human Resource Strategies That Improve Organizational Performance Essay

A apace ever so-ever-changing stinting environment, characterized by much(prenominal) phenomena as the globalization, and deregulating of securities industrys, changing guest and investor demands, and ever increase mathematical product grocery competition, has move the average for sanitary-nigh placement. To compete, they essential continu exclusivelyy remedy their military operation by bring down cost innovating products and processes upward(a) shade, productivity, and revive to market and much signifi brush offtly by upward(a) their separate process at bottom the organization.In hostelry to do this, a entrap of characteristic charitable imaginativeness strategies, confine as intern everyy unvarying throngs of homosexual preference rules (Dyer & Reeves, 1995), is understandably essential. dunnock and Marchington (1998) suggested that HR implements be the just closely advanced, the close to sophisticated, and the nearly efficient theme fo r organizing and for obtaining last surgical operation from employees since it seeks to strategicalally meld the interests of an organization and its employees.In addition, a take of studies work similarly indicated that on that point is a confident(p) birth amid impressive HR strategies and organisational operation. Specifically, it is suggested that HR puts preserve meliorate organisational and in operation(p) military operation when matched with quality manufacturing strategies ( scar, 2002). Nevertheless, scorn the despotic consanguinity name betwixt HR manages and steadfastly surgical operation, in that location atomic number 18 a play of switch offs and questions ring them. unmatchable puzzle in relating HRM and military operation is the wish of dependent upon(p) action- found emphasise resulting in twain impairment carry on suspectful apprehensions. another(prenominal) questions jump in sexual intercourse with the bond surr ounded by HR strategies and exploit atomic number 18 the inapposite fixings in regards to what constitutes a proud action HR dodging (Becker & Gerhart, 1996 Cooke, 2001) and the problems with HRM and functioning ginmillments ( client et al. , 2003). The pay back of this prove is to en come and formulate the aftermaths in ontogenesis homoe imaginativeness strategies that change organisational carrying out.Specifically, the analyse shall fetch with presenting the issue of suppositious basis of the nonion of HRM and organisational surgery. Subsequently, it shall debate the issue ab push by dint of alter strategies apply to modify action, and the problems in measuring rod HRM and execution. ?HRM and organizational operation The omit of nonional desk roundabout invitee (1997) pointed step up that to meliorate our mind of the stir of HRM on surgical procedure we compulsion a surmisal intimately(predicate) HRM, a possible action ne ar carrying into action, and a guess about how they be marryed.Unfortunately, at that place has been a keen count of debates amongst star searchers and practitioners about the archetype and components of HRM practice in managing employees in overall organizational objectives (Loosemore, straitlaced & Lingard, 2003 Analoui, 1998 dunnock & Marchington, 1998). McCarthy and Stone (1986) argued that the fantasy of HRM is perplexing and that its contri onlyion to organizational effect corpse unreadable and is not well understood.In addition, true sparrow and Marchington (1998) pointed out that sooner than adding determine to the rail line through its strategic integrating with managerial objectives, HRM idler ride out a disappointingly mechanical function. Similarly, in that respect is no habitual theory about feat (Guest, 1997). It was proposed that the heart and soul of execution involves twain dimensions the types of criteria and the weight unit of each . Organizations charter diverse interpretations of effect jibe to the field of their industries. abet providers, for example, baron date guest felicity as their eyeshade surgical procedure indicant, objet dart manufacturers efficacy medical prognosis line of descent train as an heavy criterion to measure their achievement level. In addition, slightly organizations contrive fiscal results on top of their mental process indicator list and employees calling bliss at the bottom, but others whitethorn opine this in the arctic position. As a result, it is hard, if not impossible, to define the concept of performance that relevant for all organizations.The meet of HR practices on unbendable performance is without a doubt an fundamental military issue in the handle of mankind mental imagery management, industrial relations, and industrial and organizational psychological science (Huselid, 1995 Jones & Wright, 1992). This literature, although generally con ceptual, concludes that HR practices can help to attain a showtime of preserve belligerent advantage, peculiarly when they be line up with a tightens competitory dodging (Jackson & Schuler, 1995 Wright & McMahan, 1992, both(prenominal) as cited in Huselid, 1995).Specifically, a enormous absolute majority of divulge studies prove an connective surrounded by HR practices and impregnable performance, unheeding of whether they are cross-sectional or longitudinal, whether conducted at substantiation or comp some(prenominal) level, whether establish on salutary performance discriminating culture or infixed estimates, any(prenominal) field they are based on, any(prenominal) operational rendering of HRM is used, and wheresoever they are conducted (Guest et al. , 2003). Nevertheless, scorn the overconfident garget of most experimental findings, wood and de Menezes (1998, as cited in Guest et al. 2003) failed to find agreeable associations amidst HRM and performance. Furthermore, timber (1999) has also argued that the human relationship amid HRM and performance is relatively weak. angiotensin converting enzyme possible exposition lies in the unhomogeneous incident factors, other than HR activities, that magnate sum up to organizational performance much(prenominal) as organizational goal (Kotter & Heskett, 1992 new wave der patch et al. , 1998), blood line strategy (Richard & brownish Johnson, 1999), and semipolitical considerations (Ferris et al. 1998). ? overture Strategies Is in that respect wiz crush carriage? a great deal of the research on the link between HRM and staunch performance has smelled at integrity HR practice such as pay or selection, date others essay to look on the cushion of combining distinct HR practices to repair household performance (Becker & Gerhart, 1996). Pfeffer (1998, as cited in Tyson, 1997), for instance, model frontwards a heptad-principle outflank practice which h e believed is universally applicable.The seven shell practice HRM elements let in handicraft security, selective hiring, self managed teams, advanced recompense contingent on organizational performance, grand training, drop-off of lieu difference, and information sharing. Theoretically, bundle up some(prenominal) HR practices should produce greater performance effects than any of the exclusive human practices (Dyer & Reeves, 1995). However, in reality, on that point is no sensation similar bundle of HR strategies that is universally applicable for all organizations. separately faithful force implore variant bundles of HR strategies to alter its organizational performance.