France and French culture Essay

Despite the recent backlash against France and French culture in the past few years, as well as there being no shortage of jokes on television and on the radio at the expense at the France, the truth is that if it were not for the French and their involvement during the American Revolution, America would not have gained their independence from Great Britain. This assertion, despite the fact that historians do not like to play the game of â€Å"what if,† the large majority agree on this point. Historians from Gore Vidal, Stephen Ambrose and David McCullough all agree that had it not been for the assistance of France, America would not gave gained their independence. The â€Å"bear† is Great Britain. An aggressive pursuit of imperialism on behalf of Great Britain in the late 18th and throughout the 19th centuries had not been seen since the end of the Roman Empire. The reasons for France’s involvement in the American Revolution might have been more a question of revenge against Britain than the involvement of spreading democracy throughout the world as France itself would experience only 10 years after their initial entrance into the war with their own French Revolution. When the French entered on the side of colonists, the war was going badly in general. There had been a number of victories for the Colonists but America’s only hope that a sustained war, brought on by implementing guerilla tactics would eventually lead to a tiring of the British troops. Also, it was the entire motivatation of the Colonists to get France on their side. Ben Franklin was pressing the French constantly for their help during this time. Also, it was not out of a coincidence that Franklin was chosen and not others since Franklin were adored by the French. Thomas Jefferson also was instrumental as well in getting France involved on the side of the Colonists. It is also not a coincidence that France was being targeted for their help. They, along with Great Britain, were the powers in the world at that time. That is why such a statement as â€Å"Daddy and I killed the Bear† is accurate and correct. The bear is Great Britain. They did not conquer 1/3 of the world by being nice. â€Å"Daddy† is France and the child is America. â€Å"Daddy† is usually the stronger of the two and is more established. He is responsible for the care and well being of the child and helps the child to grow and to mature until eventually, the child exceeds the father in stature, independence and strength. However, the child would not be allowed to grow if not for the effort exerted on the part of the father. A father who neglects his son and does not raise him up in a proper way and the chances increase exponentially, for that child to fail to fully realize his full potential. The very same occurred in this instance and therefore, the aforementioned statement is accurate and carried a great deal of weight and validity.

The Four Ps of Creativity

An Analyse of a Significant Creative and Innovative Thinker in Terms of the Four Ps A concept labelled as the ‘Four Ps’ has been used to help understand the influential factors around creative beings and how these factors influence their final creative products. According to Mel Rhodes in his book An Analysis of Creativity (1961) these Four Ps; person, place, process and product are the underlying factors of creativity itself. By understanding how the 4 Ps work we are able to venturing into the life of a creative thinker and conduct and analysis of there creativity. In this case we will look at a German media artist, Tom Tykwer who has constructed a variety of unique films due to his high level of creativity. This creativity has been shaped by the Four Ps or in other words, his individual characteristics, the environment he is surrounded by and the particular processes he under took in order to create his productions. In this analysis we will begin with the first P, Person. The personal attributes of someone influences ideas and how these ideas are produced into being. Determination, imagination and curiosity are all personal attributes found in a creative artist (Sternberg 1988). Born in 1965 (The Auteurs 2010), Tom Tykwer always had a strong passion for filmmaking, making his first films at the age of eleven. His friends where unfortunately vaguely interested in his products (Haase 2007) yet this did not stop him from creating. After High School Tykwer failed to receive a place in almost all of the film schools in Europe (Haase 2007) though his determination to make films did not allow this fall back to prevent him from achieve his ambitions. Tykwer merely created his own film studio in which he could create at his own accord. The act reflects Tykwer’s ability to think of alternative situations which is a highly regarded creative personality trait (Sternberg 1988). When Tykwer was a child the first film he viewed was Peter Pan (Haase 2007). The possibility of a parallel world struck Tykwer as fascinating and became his first inspiration in film making. Peter Pan sparked an imaginative streak in Tykwer which entranced him for almost 30 years. His imagination is what defines his earlier films, such as Lola Rennt and True, two movies which expanded the realms of reality through innovative techniques and unique narrative structure. In regards to curiosity every single one of Tykwer’s movies, short and long, reflect a high level of experimentation and risks to portray his own personal feelings and willingness to manipulate media to create magnificent effects. Another key feature about Tykwer is that he calls upon varies types of film genres. He claimed, ‘I like everything that speaks to me loudly, and that gives me a vision. I don’t care about the genre’ (Tom Tykwer 2010a). This is reflected in all his productions as he uses a mixture of crime and thrill (_Perfume_) romance (_Truth__)_ and action (_The International) _ to portray his ideas. His desire to not stick to just one style of film demonstrates a large amount of curiosity and desire to experiment with ideas and cinematic styles. Tykwer demonstrated a high level of curiosity for film at an early age, something along with imagination and determination is an essential aspect to creativity. The second P, place, also has a profound impact on creativity. Place includes the environment which a person is surrounded by and the influence this has upon someone’s creative ability. The German director was brought up surrounded by a modern and artistic culture. The fall of the Berlin wall in 1990 was a significant cultural movement in Germany (The Guardian 2010), further enhancing modernisation, innovation and artistic products which expressed revolution and a movement to new approaches to life. Berlin was fuming with a large variety of artistic expression inspired by the strong political change. Movement such as feminism became popular, something which is reflected in Tykwer’s film with the constant use of a female main character. For example, Deadly Maria 1993, Winter Sleeper 1997 and Run Lola Run 1999. Working as a projectionist at a Berlin Art Cinema Movement, allowed him to be continually exposed to a variety of artistic films (Tykwer 2010a). Here Tykwer met the first person that was too help him develop his film career, an independent film maker in the late eighties called Rosa von Praunheim (Cowie 2010a). This man strongly influenced Tykwer’s approach to film making and Tykwer’s first film displayed many of the stylistic and thematic trademarks that his other movies now contain. It was after this that Tykwer created his own film company, X Filme (Tykwer 2010b) and was able to keep his own artistic licence. Many directors who allow funding from more mainstream production companies tend to lose artistic licence. Artistic licence is simply the amount of say the director has within the creation of their film. Tykwer felt strongly about keeping his films very personal giving him the label of an Auteur (Clarke 2006). The belief that directors should have complete artistic control is what separates him from other directors/filmmakers. Tykwer created what he wanted too, not what others did. This promoted his creativity immensely as his imagination is able to run wild. Environment is known to change throughout someone’s life constantly. A brief overview of artist Brice Marden in Imagination First: Unlocking the Power of Possibility by authors Eric Liu and Scott Noppe-Brandon (2009) reflects the importance of how specific surroundings affect creativity. Marden was a minimalist painter (Liu and Noppe-Brandon 2009) with a very distinctive technique. This technique was modified greatly when the artist decided to travel through Asia. He picked up specific cultural techniques which he saw to be fascinating and from then on allowed them to define his works of art. In relation to Tom Tykwer, Germany was his first cultural influence upon his productions allowing his products to reflect the strong cultural movement at the time. In the last few years, Tykwer has developed a more American approach to film making, something which can be reflected in his latest movie The International as he is surrounded by a strong American influence. Tykwer has removed himself from his independent film company, X-Filme, and has allowed more commercial industries to take hold of him. The International and _Perfume: A Story of a Murderer _separated themselves from Tykwer’s other films as their narratives are linear and contain a more acceptable style of cinematic photograph and realism. This shows that the director has lost a part of his own artistic licence as he has teamed up with Commercial film producers (Internet Date Base 2010a; Internet Data Base 2010b). Here we can see how the surrounding environment of someone can both excel or hinder creative ability. The third P, Process is the particular actions taken in order for a creative product to come to life. In media this has a very practical sense and is to do with the measures taken to overcome obstacles that restrict a creative thought coming to life. Process consists mostly of the production and post-production phases of media, such as filming and editing. Independent films, due to their lack of popularity are given less money compared to mass-produced films. For example, the limited budget of Run Lola Run influenced its editing, the way in which it was filmed and how it was filmed. Tykwer received a budget of only $2 million (Cowie 2010b). In comparison the Blockbuster The Dark Knight had an estimated budget of $185 million (Whitaker 2010). Special effects such as CGI are used in the Blockbuster in large quantities as well as High Definition film and hundreds of extras. In Lola the case was different and alternative techniques where required in order to overcome the budget restrictions. The lack of money permitted Tykwer to only 200 extras. This created difficulties particularly during the first two minutes of the movie. The title ‘_Lola Rennt’ _is spelt out by extras, each letter being filmed separately then contrasted together in post-production. ) In Matthew May’s In Pursuit of Elegance (May 2009) he talks about the innovative creation of Ronnie Stuiver , who designed a water pump with a merry-go-round which is ‘powered by play’ (May 2009, 173) in order to entertain the children of South Africa as they watch their mothers retain water from the water hole. May uses Stuiver as an examp le to explain that we can overcome specific obstacles in our surroundings if we can observe and are determined (May 2009, 174). Like Tykwer, Stuiver expands his ideas and overcomes restrictions (May 2009, 174). In South Africa, villagers would have to wait for the wind in order for their pumps to work, Stuiver created an alternative which not only overcame the problem, but also entertained. This ability to overcome specific obstacles yet still up hold a level of entertainment for an audience is essential in movie making. Tykwer over looks his budget and manages to create exceptional alternatives in order for his productions to come to life, reflecting his amazing creativity. As stated in Cropley’s Fostering Creativity, ‘Creativity involves systematic and purposeful thinking not blind generation of novelty. (Cropely 2009, 68) Finally the fourth P, product. Product involves the final outcome and result of each creative production (Scritchfield 1999). There are three main characteristics in regards to product, these being ‘novelty, resolution and synthesis’ (Besemer and O’Quin 1987). Novelty being the uniqueness of the product, resolution includes the products response to the challenge it was created for and synthesis includes whether the product is used for something other than what it was created for (Scritchfield 1999). In regards to novelty (Scritchfield 1999), all of Tykwer’s productions have been made with innovative techniques and styles to reflect both person and place. His films have captured audience around the world due to their originality. When if comes to resolution, Tykwer’s films where created to express his own ideas and thoughts about the surrounding world. The ability to work in his own film studio for the majority of his films has permitted this task to be very successful. Lastly, synthesis applies strongly to all of Tykwer’s products. Each has an added value of entertainment and an ability to promote curiosity due to their avant-garde feel. The Four P’s are closely intertwined, each influencing each other incredibly, operating simultaneously. Person, place and process all determine the outcome of a creative product in any area of expertise. In regards to media art, as demonstrated by Tom Tykwer’s analysis, it is the personality of a director, their environment and processes which influence their techniques and ideas reflected within their production. In conclusion, creativity is not something that is simply just there. It is influenced by a series of surrounding factors which determine why, what and how something is created. The Four P’s are an excellent way to determine what creativity is and how it is developed. REFERENCE LIST Besemer S. P and O’Quin, K. 1987. Creative product analysis: Testing a model by developing a judging instrument. In Frontiers of Creativity research: Beyond the basic_s, ed. _S. G. Isaksen. 341-379. Buffalo: Bearly Limited. Clarke, David. 2006. Tom Tykwer as an Auteur. Gfl_ Journal. _3: 7. http://www. gfl-journal. de/3-2006/clarke. df (accessed 14/5/10) Cowie, Peter. 2010a. Because_ (short film). _Tom Tykwer. http://www. tomtykwer. com/Filmography/Because-short-film (accessed 23/4/10) Cowie, Peter. 2010b. Run Lola Run. _ _Tom Tykwer http://www. tomtykwer. com/Filmography/Run-Lola-Run (accessed 23/4/10) Cropley, Arthur and David Cropley, 2009. Fostering Creativity, 67-77. NJ: Hampton Press. Reprinted in Creativity and Innovation Reader (FDN101)2010. Murdoch: Mu rdoch University. Haase, Christine. Bambi, Zombie, Gandhi. In When Keimat meets Hollywood: German Filmmakers and America 1985-2005. 63. USA: Camden House. Internet Movie Data Base. 2010a. The_ International. _http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0963178/ (accessed 12/5/10) Internet Movie Data Base. 2010b. _Perfume: A Story of a Murder. http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0396171/ . __ _(accessed 12/5/10) Liu, Eric, and Noppe-Brandon, Scott. 2009. Imagination First: Unlocking the Power of Possibility. 177-179. San Francisco: John Wiley and Sons. May, Matthew. 2009. _In Pursuit of Elegance. 172-175. NY: Broadway Books. Reprinted in Creativity and Innovation Reader (FDN101)2010. Murdoch: Murdoch University. Rhodes, Mel. 1961. An Analysis of Creativity. Phi Delta Kappan. 42. 305-310 Scritchfield, Michael Lee. 1999. _The Creative Person, Product, Process and Press: The 4P's. _. The International Center for Studies in Creativity. http://www. buffalostate. edu/orgs/cbir/readingroom/html/Scritchfield-99 . html (accessed 6/5/10) Sternberg, R. ed. 1988. The Nature of _Creativity. _434. New York: Cambridge University Press. Reprinted in Creativity and Innovation Reader (FDN101)2010. Murdoch: Murdoch University. The Auteurs. 2010. Tom Tykwer. http://www. theauteurs. om/cast_members/1013 (accessed 11/4/10) The Guardian. 2010_ _. Fall of the Berlin Wall: 20th anniversary celebrations. http://www. guardian. co. uk/world/blog/2009/nov/09/berlin-wall-anniversary-celebrations (accessed 14/5/10) Tykwer, Tom. 2010a. Biography. _ _Tom Tykwer. http://www. tomtykwer. com/Biography . (accessed 13/5/10) Tykwer, Tom. 2010b. _Music. Tom Tykwer. _http://www. tomtykwer. com/Music . (accessed 14/5/10) Whitaker, Bill . 2010. Filming the â€Å"Dark Knight†. _ _CBS News. http://www. cbsnews. com/stories/2008/07/13/sunday/main4256384. shtml (Accessed: 28/4/10)

Role and Functions of Stock Exchange in India

A PRESENTATION REPORT ON ROLE AND FUNCTIONS OF STOCK EXCHANGE INTRODUCTION A  stock exchange  is a form of  exchange  which provides services for  stock brokers  and  traders  to trade  stocks,  bonds, and other  securities. Stock exchanges also provide facilities for issue and redemption of securities and other financial instruments, and capital events including the payment of income and  dividends. Securities traded on a stock exchange include  shares  issued by companies,  unit trusts,  derivatives, pooled investment products and  bonds.To be able to trade a security on a certain stock exchange, it must be listed there. Usually, there is a central location at least for record keeping, but trade is increasingly less linked to such a physical place, as modern markets are  electronic networks, which gives them advantages of increased speed and reduced cost of transactions. Trade on an exchange is by members only. The initial offering of stocks and bonds to  investors  is by definition done in the  primary market  and subsequent trading is done in the  secondary market.A stock exchange is often the most important component of a  stock market. Supply and demand in stock markets are driven by various factors that, as in all  free markets, affect the price of stocks (see  stock valuation). There is usually no compulsion to issue stock via the stock exchange itself, nor must stock be subsequently traded on the exchange. Such trading is said to be  off exchange  or  over-the-counter. This is the usual way that  derivatives  and  bonds  are traded. Increasingly, stock exchanges are part of a global market for securitiesSTOCK EXCHANGE DEFINITION According to Husband and Dockerary â€Å"Stock exchanges are privately organized markets which are used to facilitate trading in securities. * According to securities contract ( regulation ) act of 1956 â€Å"An association, organization or body of individuals, whether incorporated or not, established for the purpose of assisting, regulating and controlling business in buying, selling and dealing in securities. † Features of Stock Exchange 1. Market for securities  : Stock exchange is a market, where securities of corporate bodies, government and semi-government bodies are bought and sold. . Deals in second hand securities  : It deals with shares, debentures bonds and such securities already issued by the companies. In short it deals with existing or second hand securities and hence it is called secondary market. 3. Regulates trade in securities  : Stock exchange does not buy or sell any securities on its own account. It merely provides the necessary infrastructure and facilities for trade in securities to its members and brokers who trade in securities. It regulates the trade activities so as to ensure free and fair trade 4.Allows dealings only in listed securities  : In fact, stock exchanges maintain an official list of se curities that could be purchased and sold on its floor. Securities which do not figure in the official list of stock exchange are called unlisted securities. Such unlisted securities cannot be traded in the stock exchange. 5. Transactions effected only through members  : All the transactions in securities at the stock exchange are effected only through its authorised brokers and members. Outsiders or direct investors are not allowed to enter in the trading circles of the stock exchange.Investors have to buy or sell the securities at the stock exchange through the authorised brokers only. 6. Association of persons  : A stock exchange is an association of persons or body of individuals which may be registered or unregistered. 7. Recognition from Central Government  : Stock exchange is an organised market. It requires recognition from the Central Government. 8. Working as per rules  : Buying and selling transactions in securities at the stock exchange are governed by the rules and regulations of stock exchange as well as  SEBI Guidelines.No deviation from the rules and guidelines is allowed in any case. 9. Specific location  : Stock exchange is a particular market place where authorised brokers come together daily (i. e. on working days) on the floor of market called trading circles and conduct trading activities. The prices of different securities traded are shown on electronic boards. After the working hours market is closed. All the working of stock exchanges is conducted and controlled through computers and electronic system. 10. Financial Barometers  : Stock exchanges are the financial barometers and evelopment indicators of national economy of the country. Industrial growth and stability is reflected in the index of stock exchange. EXISTING STRUTURE OF STOCK EXCHANGE IN INDIA STOCK EXCHANGE OTHERS NSE BSE BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE The Bombay Stock Exchange is the oldest exchange in Asia. It traces its history to the 1850s, when four Gujarati and o ne Parsi stockbroker would gather under banyan trees in front of Mumbai's Town Hall. The location of these meetings changed many times, as the number of brokers constantly increased.The group eventually moved to Dalal Street in 1874 and in 1875 became an official organization known as ‘The Native Share & Stock Brokers Association'. In 1956, the BSE became the first stock exchange to be recognized by the  Indian Government  under the Securities Contracts Regulation Act. The Bombay Stock Exchange developed the  BSE SENSEX  in 1986, giving the BSE a means to measure overall performance of the exchange. In 2000 the BSE used this index to open its derivatives market, trading SENSEX futures contracts.The development of SENSEX options along with equity derivatives followed in 2001 and 2002, expanding the BSE's trading platform. Historically an open outcry floor trading exchange, the Bombay Stock Exchange switched to an electronic trading system in 1995. It took the exchan ge only fifty days to make this transition. This automated, screen-based trading platform called BSE On-line trading (BOLT) currently has a capacity of 8 million orders per day. The BSE has also introduced the world's first centralized exchange-based internet trading system, BSEWEBx. o. in to enable investors anywhere in the world to trade on the BSE platform. The BSE is currently housed in  Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers  at  Dalal Street,  Fort area. NATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE The  National Stock Exchange  (NSE) is  stock exchange  located at  Mumbai,  India. It is in the top 20 largest stock exchanges  in the world by  market capitalization  and largest in India by daily turnover and number of trades, for both equities and derivative trading. NSE has a market capitalization of around  US$1  trillion  and over 1,652 listings as of July 2012.Though a number of other exchanges exist, NSE and the  Bombay Stock Exchange  are the two most significant stock e xchanges in India, and between them are responsible for the vast majority of share transactions. The NSE's key index is the  S&P CNX Nifty, known as the NSE  NIFTY  (National Stock Exchange Fifty), an index of fifty major stocks weighted by market capitalization. NSE is mutually owned by a set of leading financial institutions, banks, insurance companies and other financial intermediaries in India but its ownership and management operate as separate entities.There are at least 2 foreign investors  NYSE Euro next  and  Goldman Sachs  who have taken a stake in the NSE. As of 2006, the NSE  VSAT  terminals, 2799 in total, cover more than 1500 cities across India. In 2011, NSE was the third largest stock exchange in the world in terms of the number of contracts (1221 million) traded in equity derivatives. It is the second fastest growing  stock exchange  in the world with a recorded growth of 16. 6%. ROLE OF STOCK EXCHANGE * Effective Mobilisation Of Savings St ock exchanges provide organised market for an individual as well as institutional investors.They regulate the trading transactions with proper rules and regulations in order to ensure investor's protection. This helps to consolidate the confidence of investors and small savers. Thus, stock exchanges attract small savings especially of large number of investors in the capital market. * Promoting Capital formation The funds mobilised through capital market are provided to the industries engaged in the production of various goods and services useful for the society. This leads to capital formation and development of national assets. The savings mobilised are channelised into appropriate avenues of investment. Wider Avenues of investment Stock exchanges provide a wider avenue for the investment to the people and organisations with investible surplus. Companies from diverse industries like Information Technology, Steel, Chemicals, Fuels and Petroleum, Cement, Fertilizers, etc. offer vari ous kinds of equity and debt securities to the investors. Online trading facility has brought the stock exchange at the doorsteps of investors through computer network. Diverse type of securities is made available in the stock exchanges to suit the varying objectives and notions of different classes of investor.Necessary information from stock exchanges available from different sources guides the investors in the effective management of their investment portfolios. * Liquidity of investment Stock exchanges provide liquidity of investment to the investors. Investors can sell out any of their investments in securities at any time during trading days and trading hours on stock exchanges. Thus, stock exchanges provide liquidity of investment. The on-line trading and online settlement of demat securities facilitates the investors to sellout their investments and realise the proceeds within a day or two.Even investors can switch over their investment from one security to another according to the changing scenario of capital market. * Investment priorities Stock exchanges facilitate the investors to decide his investment priorities by providing him the basket of different kinds of securities of different industries and companies. He can sell stock of one company and buy a stock of another company through stock exchange whenever he wants. He can manage his investment portfolio to maximise his wealth. * Investment safetyStock exchanges through their by-laws, Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) guidelines, transparent procedures try to provide safety to the investment in industrial securities. Government has established the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and Over The Counter Exchange of India (OTCEI) for investors' safety. Exchange authorities try to curb speculative practices and minimise the risk for common investor to preserve his confidence. * Financial resources for public and private sectors Stock Exchanges make available the financial resources available to the industries in public and private sector through various kinds of securities.Due to the assurance of liquidity, marketing support, investment safety assured through stock exchanges, the public issues of securities by these industries receive strong public response (resulting in oversubscription of issue). * Funds for Development Purpose Stock exchanges enable the government to mobilise the funds for public utilities and public undertakings which take up the developmental activities like power projects, shipping, railways, telecommunication, dams & roads constructions, etc.Stock exchanges provide liquidity, marketability, price continuity and constant evaluation of government securities. * Indicator of Industrial Development Stock exchanges are the symbolic indicators of industrial development of a nation. Productivity, efficiency, economic-status, prospects of each industry and every unit in an industry is reflected through the price fluctuation of industrial securities o n stock exchanges. Stock exchange sensex and price fluctuations of securities of various companies tell the entire story of changes in industrial sector. Barometer of National Economy Stock exchange is taken as a Barometer of the economy of a country. Each economy is economically symbolized (indicators) by its most significant stock exchange. New York Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange, Tokyo Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange are considered as barometers of U. S. A, United Kingdom, Japan and India respectively. At both national and international level these stock exchanges represent the progress and conditions of their economies. Functions FUNCTIONS OF STOCKEXCHANGE * Continuous and ready market for securitiesStock exchange provides a ready and continuous market for purchase and sale of securities. It provides ready outlet for buying and selling of securities. Stock exchange also acts as an outlet/counter for the sale of listed securities . * Facilitates evaluation of secu rities Stock exchange is useful for the evaluation of industrial securities. This enables investors to know the true worth of their holdings at any time. Comparison of companies in the same industry is possible through stock exchange quotations (i. e price list). * Encourages capital formationStock exchange accelerates the process of capital formation. It creates the habit of saving, investing and risk taking among the investing class and converts their savings into profitable investment. It acts as an instrument of capital formation. In addition, it also acts as a channel for right (safe and profitable) investment. * Provides safety and security in dealings Stock exchange provides safety, security and equity (justice) in dealings as transactions are conducted as per well defined rules and regulations. The managing body of the exchange keeps control on the members.Fraudulent practices are also checked effectively. Due to various rules and regulations, stock exchange functions as the custodian of funds of genuine investors. * Regulates company management Listed companies have to comply with rules and regulations of concerned stock exchange and work under the vigilance (i. e supervision) of stock exchange authorities. * Facilitates public borrowing Stock exchange serves as a platform for marketing Government securities. It enables government to raise public debt easily and quickly. * Provides clearing house facilityStock exchange provides a clearing house facility to members. It settles the transactions among the members quickly and with ease. The members have to pay or receive only the net dues (balance amounts) because of the clearing house facility. * Facilitates healthy speculation Healthy speculation, keeps the exchange active. Normal speculation is not dangerous but provides more business to the exchange. However, excessive speculation is undesirable as it is dangerous to investors & the growth of corporate sector. * Serves as Economic BarometerStock e xchange indicates the state of health of companies and the national economy. It acts as a barometer of the economic situation / conditions. * Facilitates Bank Lending Banks easily know the prices of quoted securities. They offer loans to customers against corporate securities. This gives convenience to the owners of securities. List of Stock Exchanges In India  » Bombay Stock Exchange  » National Stock Exchange Regional Stock Exchanges  » Ahmedabad  » Bangalore  » Bhubaneshwar  » Calcutta  » Cochin  » Coimbatore  » Delhi  » Guwahati  » Hyderabad  » Jaipur  » Ludhiana  » Madhya Pradesh Madras  » Magadh  » Mangalore  » Meerut  » OTC Exchange Of India  » Pune  » Saurashtra  » Kutch  » UttarPradesh  »Vadodara CONCLUSION Stock exchange is indispensible for the smooth and orderly functioning of corporate sector in a free market economy. A stock exchange need not be treated as a place for speculation or a gambling den. It should act as a place for safe and profitable investable. , for this effective control on the working of stock exchange is necessary. This will avoid misuse of this platform for excessive speculation, scams and other undesirable and anti social activities.Thus, stock exchange serves the nation in several ways through its diversified economic services which include imparting liquidity to investments, providing marketability, enabling evaluation and ensuring price continuity of securities. Thus we can say that Stock exchange is the mirror of economy REFERENCES * Financial Management – I. M Pandey * Financial Management – Prasanna Chandra * Business studies – B. S Raman * Business studies – P. K Lasar * http://moneycontrol. com * http://investopedia. com * http://wikipedia. com * http://kalyan-city. blogspot. in

Stat assigment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Stat assigment - Assignment Example It will help in their search for cereal with desired calories. If the desired calorie is close to the statistical mean, it will be easier to find a brand; however if the desired calorie, for example, two standard deviation away from the statistical mean, it would take more time. The search time will depend on the shape of the frequency distribution of calories of cereal population. The task will present data in the form of charts and graphs, determine central tendency of collected data, calculate dispersion through standard deviation, and define skewness of sample data. The title of the project is Statistical Evaluation of Calories from Breakfast Cereals. The aims of the task are to collect a sample from a population of breakfast cereals available in the market and conduct a statistical evaluation of calories. The data of each sample represents the published calorie value of 100 grams of breakfast cereals. The frame is the published calorie values, and the sample size for this study is 30. Sample size is calculated based on literature review for determining the sample size based of known population. The formula is (â€Å"Sample Size Calculator†), Sample size for finite population = sample size / (1 + ((sample size - 1)/population)). The concept of data in statistics implies variables and its values. Variables are names, such as; age, height, salary, temperature, gender, hair color, field of study, degree of satisfaction. In statistics variables can be quantitative and categorical. Selection of quantitative or categorical variables depends on the research type that one intends to carry. Each variable possesses some values; gender variable contains only male and female values while, for example, temperature variable may contain any numerical value. Variables and values together are called data. In statistical research data are classified as quantitative and qualitative. Some research needs quantitative data, and

Financial Management Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Financial Management Principles - Essay Example It should be noted that a lender cannot simply lend his excess fund to potential borrower without making sure that the latter will not default on his payment. In this situation, an intermediary should exist in order to gather information about both parties and mitigate risk (Mishkin 2004). Financial institutions are able to minimize the risk of information asymmetry by building their reputation in the industry. Thus, individuals are not cautious in putting their money in a bank’s savings account which are then lend to parties who are in need of funds. Financial institutions like banks, as stated above, carry out the important function of making financial resources available to parties who need them. By building expertise in information search and reputation in undertaking their financial functions, financial institutions serve as a great help for individuals and business organizations which require help in financing. On the other hand, individuals and companies who want to invest their money can trust in the efficiency of financial institutions in ensuring return to their investments. As the illustration above shows, as financial institutions carry out their role in the financial system, they take on the risk which should be handled by the borrower and lender. Thus, financial institutions also take measures in minimizing the risk that they take by ensuring that their borrowers will not default on their payment obligations. This scrutiny is even more highlighted when a company which borrows from the financial institution conducted its Initial Public Offering. As the company becomes public, it exposes itself from the critical eye of its current and potential creditors. A company can cope with this increased financial intermediation scrutiny by adhering to the standards set by accounting institutions. It should also instill tighter measures in ensuring the truthfulness of its financial reports and accounts.

Reflexivity and self identity Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Reflexivity and self identity - Dissertation Example The main purpose of this study is to explore and apply Giddens’ theories on reflexivity and self identity in the case of non-native English speaking teachers who teaches the English language in Asian countries. To give the readers with better understanding about the chosen research topic, this report will first discuss the theory of Anthony Giddens with regards to reflexivity and self identity. Eventually, these theories will be applied in the case of non-native English speaking individuals who are currently teaching the English language in Asia. Social barriers of effective teaching include the ability of the teacher to teach proper English grammar among others. Based on the identified social barriers that could impede the professional progress of non-native English speaking teachers in Asian countries, a list of study recommendations based on Giddens’ theories will be tackled in details in order to give the readers a better idea on how non-native English speaking teac hers could improve the quality of teaching services given to students who are studying the English language. ... rely its persistence over time in such a way that philosophers could speak of ‘identity’ of objects or things but in contrast to the self as a generic phenomenon which presumes reflexive awareness†. In modern theory of sociology, sociologists believe that self identity will continue to improve and will remain â€Å"undamaged† (Calhoun, 2003, p. 118). Even though Descartes (1988, p. 115) acknowledges the link between the human body, the mind, and the soul, he clearly explained that he strongly believe in the idea that self is simply referring to the soul or the human mind alone but not the human body. With regards to the concept of self in relation to moral orientation, self is described as being â€Å"inwardness† in the sense that self is being compared or identified as an object close to God (Descartes & Locke, 2003, p. 514). Similar to Descartes’ idea, Locke also agree that the human body and soul are two separate things that are closely rela ted to one another. For this reason, Locke (1996, p. 124) considers human beings or self as â€Å"a substance that is capable of thinking†. With regards to the idea that self which is â€Å"perceived by the mind† is an external object that is a significant part of self identity (Descartes, Selected Philosophical Writings. Trans. John Cottingham, et al., 1988, p. 132), Locke’s idea on self was based on the theory as publicly introduced by Descartes. As part of modifying Descartes’ idea about self, Locke (1996, p. 49) categorized self as having two major qualities known as the human body as the object and the part of self which is indirectly a part of the object such as the ability of each individual to sense or perceive something. ‘ Descartes and Locke considers human beings as a something that is composed of machines

Decision making for Paramedic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Decision making for Paramedic - Essay Example ical thinking, response to emergency, efficiency and calmness, employers often expect that a qualified paramedic would be able to portray these qualities with a high standard of effectiveness. In this regard, current employers expect the employees to respond effectively to injuries, illnesses, and accidents. Communication skills and response to communication cues of the environment is another of the important skills that the training program for paramedics focus on, thus the employers expect a paramedic would be able to portray appropriate communication qualities, with ability to apply the use of modern technology for efficient and effective communication (Edwards 2011). The field of health and medicine is dynamic with continuous changes in the trend of care and management. My major expectation in the paramedic profession is to keep abreast with the changing trends in the profession through remaining relevant to the practical, technical and theoretical aspects of the profession. This would come through a constant upgrade to my technical and theoretical knowledge of the profession. Additionally, I require effective communication and interpersonal skills like teamwork, courtesy and calmness to meet the role of a paramedic (Ball 2005). According to O’Meara et al. (2012), increased industrialization contribute to medical challenges such as increased accidents and health care risks that come with industries like industrial fires. This means within the next decades, there will be an increased need for paramedics. Additionally, there are more paramedic degree holders because of the improved training program, implying an impending increase in professionalism in the field of paramedics. In the next decades, the role of paramedics would entail the provision of high-quality care and response to emergency services through the application of the modern technology, which would enable paramedics to be more efficient and effective (Ross et al., 2014). This will increase

Pack Journalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pack Journalism - Essay Example And this, makes the journalist work never be the same again. Sometimes, the government that should have been protecting its citizen, including journalists, is the one allegedly involved in the killings of people in the media. Moreover, it is surprising to know that this is happening all around the world. Each country has its own stories of murdered journalist. What we can read in the news are American tank fired at the Reuters office, journalist abducted allegedly by Philippine Army, brutal murder of a journalist in Indonesia condemned, an American aircraft fired a missile at the al-Jazeera office, to mention a few. This situation is getting serious and must be stopped. Journalists are here to provide independent reporting and to deliver documentation of realities in life to the society. As years go by, the journalist work is getting riskier and scarier. From a mere observer who just re-tell stories from those involve, first hand sources, they are now largely moving into the limelight, but not for any better. Instead, the future of journalist anywhere in the world is getting dimmer and dimmer as what we can see unfolding through this rising incidence of media killings. The phrase "being read" is slowly changing its real meaning. Journalists are being read because of the news about other people or current events they wrote, which they have no involvement totally. This time they are still being read and that is only because they themselves are what the news story is all about. They are being harassed, threatened, and arrested. Just like the recent report from the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ). Two French TV journalists were arrested in Northern Cyprus, which believed the incident overshadowed plans of the Turkish authorities to reform press freedom laws. Journalists once again are becoming the victim of outworn laws and their practitioners. Moreover, this time it is more frequent, worldwide, and fatal. Locale and international organizations, like the IFJ, European Federation of Journalist (EFJ), The Union of Cyprus Journalists, continuously condemn such cases of violation of the journalists' rights and of the press freedom. The rights and freedom being blatantly violated today includes, In pursuance of this duty, the journalist shall at all times defend the principles of freedom in the honest collection and publication of news, and of the right to fair comment and criticism. Journalists worthy of the name shall deem it their duty to observe faithfully the principles stated above. Within the general law of each country the journalist shall recognise in matters of professional matters the jurisdiction of colleagues only, to the exclusion of any kind of interference by governments or others. There is no more freedom in the collection of publication of news. In many countries, they are being threatened in the reports being collected and in the news being printed. One female radio broadcast journalist after giving her comments and criticism on a particular government official, she was gunned down right outside the station. Previous to this incident, another radio broadcast journalist was shot and killed in his house. These two journalists happen to be husband and wife. Moreover, in the country they were is a democratic country with laws assuring freedom of speech and of the press. They need not to be in the midst of war to be hit by a bullet. There is enough bullet really intended for them and not

Impact of technology on society Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Impact of technology on society - Research Paper Example Electronics development has revolutionized the way of doing things from social, economic, political and cultural aspects due to transformation of commuting and communication from perceiving to listening and from writing to reading. Electronic technology contains within itself political, economic and social properties due to its great influence on major areas of people’s lives. Electronic revolution implies the changes that have taken places to introduce the 21st century electronic through the electronic media such as the radio, television and lately, the internet. The evolution of electronic engineering has significantly influenced people’s perception of their past ideas, the comprehension of the future and the future impacts. This has led to transformation of the society as old ways of doing things are replaced with new and advanced means. People’s welfare and environment were highly natural before invention of electronics and therefore cases of intense environmental degradation were rare. Before the intense development of electronic technology, scientific application in running the economy was very low and therefore there was reduced communication between markets due to the absence of globalization in trading activities. World markets were disintegrated which resulted in higher tariffs and other blockades. Socially, people engaged more on face to face communication and most transactions were conducted at a physical level due to limitations on the basis of forms of communication available. Dealings and activities between people of distance locations were significantly less thereby confining people to dealing with a constrained system. Politically, nations enjoyed properly demarcated boundaries with less cases o multilateralism. Furthermore, industrial and financial activities had highly demarcated boundaries with no cases of overlap. Electronic technology is used

Elie Wiesel,Night (1958) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Elie Wiesel,Night (1958) - Essay Example Religiously he tends to ask God why all these diversities befell him. Mentally, Ellie watched his father die and was separated from all the female members of his family. Upon looking at the mirror, Elie’s eyes revealed a person that was transformed into a broken person. From his inception at the camp he was a young, religious and loving boy, but when he left the camp he was totally broken. It is from this point that his view on the world had changed completely. In order to have an insight of how Elie’s views of the world changed, two significant aspects will be looked at, that is, religion and mental/emotional aspects. To start with Elie states that: â€Å"Never shall I forget the moments that murdered both my God and soul and turned all my dreams to dust (p.32).† This description of Elie regarding his religion is as a result of the difficulties he and the Jews faced in the camp. Elie’s faith undergoes a crisis because of how he watched his own father and others undergo a torturers death as well as the deplorable living conditions he was subjected to. It is at this point that Elie underwent a major change as he tried to reconcile all the difficulties he and others were facing together with the beliefs he had been taught about God. He does not deny God, but he chooses not to remain silence regarding why God left all these difficulties face them. Elie thus changes his perception that God is merciful and just and he comes to a conclusion that he will not just sit there and wait for his death. From the beginning of his experience, Elie was a religious person, but in this new world all the aspects and teaching of religion became meaningless for he had lost his faith. With regards to mental/emotional aspect, Elie also tends to change his view of the world considerably. He thought of the things that he would never do and the circumstances that have made him to be repulsive in this context. For instance, Elie states: â€Å"I gave him some of my

Differences in Men’s and Women’s Speech Essay Example for Free

Differences in Men’s and Women’s Speech Essay Many works have been devoted to the differences in communication between people. It has been proved that such factors as the interlocutors’ education or the status of the relationship influence people’s utterances. Furthermore, linguists claim that also biological sex influences the choice of language people use to communicate with each other. In discourse on different ways of communication of males and females, linguists have resigned with the term â€Å"sex† replacing it by the â€Å"gender† which refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities, and the attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women. For most academics gender communication focuses on the expressions used by one gender in the relationships and roles between people. First of all, men and women approach communication with a distinct set of rules and interpretations of talk. While men focus on status and independence, women in the same time focus on intimacy and connection and this difference might make communication between the sexes problematic. Deborah Tannen states that communication between men and women can be like cross cultural communication, prey to a clash of conversational styles (Tannen, 2001). In a similar manner to Tannen, John Gray (1992) presents theory that women use a lot of artistic words expressions like metaphors, comparisons or generalizations in their speech which men understand literally causing miscommunication between the sexes. He also states that men are more direct and straight in their speech. However he declares that in addition to a communication difference, there is a difference in thinking, feeling, perception, etc. Jennifer Coates (1986) wrote about her studies involving gender separated discussion groups. From her observations she noted that women reveal a lot about their private lives in their conversations, stick to one topic for a long time, let all speakers finish their sentences and try to have everyone participate. In contrast, men discussed things other than their personal relationships and feelings, change topics frequently, dominate conversations and establish a hierarchy in communication over time. The influence of gender differences begins very early in childhood and can shape the communication of style of the adult (Tannen, 2001). Studies on children show that there are language differences between boys and girls as early as nursery. Tannen highlights differences in the way young girls and boys use language in childhood, stating  that girls make requests, use language to create harmony and use more words while boys make demands, create conflict and use more actions. The differences in adults are thought to stem from influences in childhood such as parents and playtime tools. In the first few years of life girls are more used to physical touch by their mothers during childhood compared with boys. Women therefore use touch to express caring, empathy and emotions. In contrast, men regard touch as way to communicate sexual interest, orders, and as a symbol of control. Men are more competitive and verbally assertive due to childhood influences of toys such as guns and swords. Summing up, persons communication skills in addition to being partially genetic are therefore also shaped by factors such as society and culture.

Political Development Essay Example for Free

Political Development Essay Morocco is located in North Africa at the border of Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea . Onto the south it neighbors Western Sahara and due east with Algeria. Its terrain consists of mountain, desert and coastal plain with only about 21% of total land which is productive . The people in the region basically comprise of the Berber, Arab, African, Spanish and French. Morocco is considered to be one of the most westernized Islamic nations. Its population is close to thirty million with a population growth rate of 2% per annum . Arabic is general spoken language. The Southern parts of Morocco uses French while in the Northern parts, Spanish and French are commonly used languages. English language is a new language which is being introduced in the country. Majority of the population are Muslim affiliates and number of Jewish, while in northern parts especially those who speak Spanish and French, a greater portion belong to catholic religion. Morocco’s economy is that of liberal in nature which follows the dictates of demand and supply. Privatization policy is not a new phenomenon as some of the sectors were handed down to the hand of private sectors. However, its economy is characterized by relatively slow economic growth and inflation rate. Basically, employment largely anchors at agricultural sector which is never reliable due inadequate rains . Unemployment is escalating generally, affecting majority of the youths especially in urban areas . Social evils such as trafficking of young women and girls for prostitution and domestic service and sexual abuse are the characteristic phenomena in Morocco besides high level of illiteracy, and unemployment . Non-Governmental Organizations refers to lawfully constituted organizations that operate independently from the government. There are some Non –Governmental Organizations which acts as donor and or development partners depending on the charter of their mandates. Virtually all of the Non-Governmental Organizations acts on humanitarian grounds focusing on alleviating human suffering by improving the human welfare for quality living. Some Non-Governmental organizations operates on a large scale where they may cover a very large geographical region, while still others operate at national level or in limited areas within a country . International Non-Governmental Organizations cover several geographical regions as their scope of operation while local Non –Governmental Organizations usually operate within the country or in some parts of the country International and Local NGOs in Morocco: United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is one of the International Non-Governmental Organizations that has intensified its work in the country of Morocco through an economic program. Since Morocco has a liberal economy, it is governed by the law of supply and demands. In the context of globalization, farmers in the country would have faced cut-throat competition after agricultural tariffs were lowered as result of trade agreement between USA and Morocco. To save the farmers from such agony, USAID works with the farmers to have their crop yields improved and creates alternative jobs in form of industries to avert overdependence on farming as the only way of employment. It assists by linking export business to competitively get into the US market in ways such as by cutting down the numbers of days officially needed to register the business from sixty to eleven. This was actualized when USAID got into the microfinance field in Morocco. It had two prime objectives. One was to start a microfinance institution that would be self sustainable and grow to support the farmers and businessmen’s need. The second one was to foster policy that could favor this establishment of microfinance sector. All of its efforts toward making true these objectives were very successful due to its technical skills it possessed and its full commitment for these projects’ sustainability to serving large number of the poor . This has been witnessed particularly for the last seven year of its operation. Besides improvement of economic growth of Moroccans, it also featured in improving education level by increasing access to quality education and relevant basic education to all. This was because there has been high illiteracy level in the country. To achieve this USAID used ‘school-to-work’ approach by ensuring linkage between training and employments at various levels. Basic education has much attention on achieving high retention rates to ninth grade and possible equipping the learners at this level to adaptable skills for the next level. It lays more emphasis on courses such as information technology and tourism in technical colleges as the country has prominent tourist attraction sites and this is geared to promote tourism industry in the country. Global Rights is an International Non-Governmental Organization that partners for justice through advocacy of human right by collaborating with local activists. They speak to make heard injustices done at global level. It deals with legal and human rights education comprehensively from semiliterate to illiterate women from all walks of life in Morocco. This initiative aims to empower women to know their collective and individual rights so as to be assertive to these right and give them power in decision making in all matters affecting them, be it in household, community, national or at global level. So far the program has reached thousands of women across the country. By so doing the initiative aims at curbing alarming number of young women and girls at risk of human trafficking for prostitution and domestic service in the region. Besides human trafficking in different parts of Morocco, there has been an increase in cases of sexual abuse among young women and girls. Therefore, this necessitated direct service and intensive advocacy . Increased access to information has been deemed to be one of the successful approaches particularly starting with community liaisons, lawyers, teacher, researchers and the at-risk population and entire community would help curb such vices. Food and Agricultural Organization has not been new in Morocco. This country having been relying heavily on the agricultural sector for employment, much is needed to be done to revive the sluggish economic growth of the country . Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) is the United Nation’s agency that is involved in collecting, analyzing and interpreting and sharing the information with relevant stakeholders related to agriculture and nutrition. It is barely four months when an outbreak that posed threat to sheep and goats was announced in Morocco. In the month of September peste des petites (PRR) threatened to kill about a million sheep and goats where a hundred and thirty three outbreaks were reported within twenty nine provinces of Morocco. Being a viral causative agent and a very contagious to all ruminants, about 17 and 5 million sheep and goats respectively were at stake . This could be translated to loss of family livelihoods as so many of them depended on this. In response to this, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) took drastic measures after receiving request from the government to beef up the interventions. This made FAO’S Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) to convene a two-day meeting in Tunisia to chart the way forward over the situation. During the two-day summit, it was collectively agreed to help the Morocco government to prepare an emergency plan and see its implementation together with appropriate coordination with veterinary services of Maghreb among others from neighborhood countries. Right now FAO is in the advanced stage of setting up an urgent regional cooperation project. Control measures that were taken necessitated quarantine of suspected or affected farms and institutions and make urgent review of animal disease emergency contingency plans as well as raise awareness on the outbreak of the disease by all stakeholders concerning its risks and clinical signs. This is the latest development that FAO has been able to undertake in Morocco. Besides, livestock production, in the sector of agriculture, F. A. O has been in the forefront to see the country is in the process of achieving the millennium goal number one; that of eradication of extreme poverty and hunger through adoption of new innovations such as high yield, and fast growing crops that are drought tolerance. This will enable the country to attain level of food and nutrition security required. Use of biotechnology which has been witnessed in Nigeria where cassava clones are being propagated as disease free plants for the higher yields, are now incorporated in Morocco. World Food Program is the world’s largest humanitarian body. World Food Program is on a global campaign to ensure undernourished school going children are educated through its school feeding program. During worst time when there is total crop failure in Morocco, it has severally responded by providing relief food to the regions that needs emergency intervention. Community Based Organizations are local non-governmental organizations which are found in Morocco just like in other third world developing countries. Community based organizations collaborate with International Non-Governmental Organization and are the ground players. International Non-Governmental Organization for sustainable development make use of local organizations so that without setting other new parallel programs they can build on the existing system and facilitate on capacity building of the community. Faith Based Organization is a local non-governmental organization that has particular religious group affiliation. For instance, in northern parts of Morocco there is significant number of Christians who have come together to form faith based organizations to cater for the needs of their less fortunate member in time of need. Conclusion Non-governmental organizations primarily have humanitarian affair at their centre of focus. They feature on development transformation of community in which they are operating on. According to the transformational development indicators, the lives of many communities in different parts of the country have really improved. The level of illiteracy has decreased as a result of increased enrollment and retentions in schools . School- to- work approach has created job linkages among youths as a way of fighting unemployment in the country. Through, improving agriculture and easy accessibility to credit facilities, farmers are able to get good returns while others are able to diversify their income. This has seen improvement of living standard of the community. References: Agnaou Fatima, (2004); Gender, Literacy, and Empowerment in Morocco. ISBN 0415947650, 9780415947657, Routledge Davis K. Diana, (2006); Neoliberalism, Environmentalism, and Agricultural Restructuring in Morocco. The Geographical Journal, Vol. 172 Facts about Morocco, (2008). Retrieved on 16th November 2008 from: http://cc. msnscache. com/cache. aspx? q=morocco+factsd=74397575479858mkt=en-USsetlang=en-USw=1d93f448,870bb89e Fisher Julie, (1998); Nongovernments: NGOs and the Political Development of the Third World. ISBN 1565490754, 9781565490758, Published by Kumarian Press Kourous George Omolo Dominic, (2008); Outbreak of peste des petits ruminants in Morocco. Retrieved on 16th November 2008 from: http://www. fao. org/newsroom/en/news/2008/1000918/index. html USAID/Morocco, (2004); Annual Report. Retrieved on 16th November 2008 from: http://pdf. dec. org/pdf_docs/PDACA063. pdf

Case Study Of Coca Cola India

Case Study Of Coca Cola India Coca-Cola Enterprise, founded in1892, by the standards of the Coca-Cola system it is a young company. Till now each of its franchises had a powerful heritage in the traditions of Coca-Cola that is the foundation for this organisation. The Coca-Cola Industris started to 1892;when an Atlanta pharmacist,Dr.John Stith Pemberton,began to produce Coca-Cola syrup for sales in function drinks. Though the bottling business begin in 1899 when tow businessmen, Benjamin F.Thomas and Joseph B.Whitehead,protecte the exclusive rights to bottle and sale Coca-Cola for most of the United States from The Coca-Cola Company. In December1991,a merger between Coca-Cola Enterprises and the Johnston coca-cola Enterprise and the Johnston coca-cola bottling group,Inc.(Johnston)created a larger, stronger company,again helping accelerate bottler consolidation. TYPE: PUBLIC (NYSE:KO) Dow jones Industrial Average Component INDUSTRY: Beverage FOUNDED: 1892 HEADQUARTER: Atlanta, Georgia, U.S AREA SERVED: Worldwide KEY PEOPLE: Muhtar Kent PRODUCT: Coca-Cola, Carbonated soft drinks, Other non-alcoholic beverage REVENUE: US $31.0 BILLION (FY 2009) OPERRATING INCOME: US $ 8.23BILLION NET INCOME: US $ 5.82 BILLION TOTAL ASSETS: US $ 48.7 BILLION TOTAL EQUITY: US $ 24.8 BILLION EMPLOYEE: 92800 JULY 2010 Coca Cola Indias Thirst for the Rural Market: Coca-Cola Goes Rural From first half of 2002, Coca-Cola India (CCI) started a new advertisement campaign with one of the best Bolliwood actor-Aamir Khan. The advertisement what they made with the tag line -Thamda Matlab Coca-Cola was focused at rural customer semi-urban customer. From to company sources, the main thought was to position Coca-Cola as a comprehensive brand for Thanda. To support the rural marketing CCI has launched many campaigns in rural areas. CCI started looking on the rural areas in the early 2000 to get a growth in the volumes. This decision was not at all surprising, for the huge size of the not yet exploited rural market in India. With authorization sales in the urban Market, it becomes clear that CCI would haave to move its attention to the rural market. Manotos Chattergy, said, The market in India is in rural areas. If you able to crack it, there is unimaginable potential. CCI Rural Marketing Strategy: CCIsrural marketing strategy was based on 3 As-Availability, Affordability Acceptancy. The first A refers to the Availability which emphasizes on the Stock of the product for the customer; the second A refers to the Affordability it is all about focusing on products price, the third A-Acceptability allocated on convincing the customer to buy the products. CCIs Rural Marketing Strategyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Avalability: When CCI entered in to the rural market; it allocated on giving strength to its distribution channel. It realized that the centralized distribution channel used by the organization in the urban market cannot ever be suitable for rural market. For the federal distribution channel, the product was taken directly from the manufacturing plants to the retailers. Though CCI understand that this distribution channel is not suitable in rural marks, as taking reserve straight from bottling plants to retailers becomes very costly due to the long distances. The corporation instead opted for a hub spoke sharing system. Under the distribution channel, reserve was transferred from the bottling plants to ware house then from house, the stock was carried to retailers, they were located in small towns. These were house feed the retailers catering to the demand in rural market. Here CCI not only altered its distribution model, it also altered the type of vehicles used for carrying. The organization used huge trucks for transporting reserve from bottling plants to warehouse average business vehicles transport the reserve from the warehouse to retailers. For transporting reserve from dealers to village retailers the company utilized small vans cycles. To make a statement on the transport of reserve in rural areas ,a company ware house person said, we use all possible means of transportation that starts from heavy trucks ;auto ;cycle rickshaws hand carts; even camel caarts in Rajasthan mules in late 2002 ,CCI made an added million from the organisation to meet up rural demand. Next to March 2003, the company had added 25 manufacture lines doubled its glass preferred bottle capacity. Additionally it also supplied around 210000 retreaters to its rural retailers; it also purchased 5100 new giant trucks auto rickshaw for boost its rural supply. Through its rural supply hackneyed, CCI was able to boost its presence in rural areas from a exposure of 80,383 villagers in 2001 to 154,342 villagers in august 2003.Apart from intensification distribution channel CCI also paying attention on price of products in rural market. AFFORDABILITY: A survey performs by CCI in 2001 discovered that 300 ml bottles were not popular in rural semi urban areas. Two persons sharing one 300 ml bottle; it was also seen that the price of Rs.10- per bottle was measured to high by rural consumers. Taking care of this CCI decided to make some changes both in the size of its bottles price to increase share in therural market. In the beginning of 2002, CCI launched 200 ml bottles mainly for rural areas, as the rural was very sensitive in case of price. It was sown that the 200 ml bottles priced at Rs 5 increased the rate of the consumption in rural areas of India. Annual Report for per capital consumption of coca-cola in rural areas at bottle as compared to 6 bottles in urban areas. AFFORDABILITY CANTED: The new brand price that is Rs.5-for 200 ml bottles would also make CCI competitive against local brands in the unorganized sector. According to the reports states like Rajasthan Gujarat the local cola brands such as choices tiller cost only half the existing offered price by CCI with their new brand chota coke .CCI ,which help them in gaining the major market share previous to CCI also came out with its marketing campaigns, which were focused at growing awareness of its brands in rural market. Acceptability: The initiatives taken by CCI in distribution strategy pricing all are powered by advertising .The organization put up of the residence in the villages. Again, the participative nature, Coca-cala India participates in the weekly matis by setting up momentary retail outlets, also took part in the annual hates also took part in the annual heats fairs major sauces of business activity entertainment in rural India. CCI also launch television targets at rural consumption in order to attain more rural demand .CCI improved its advertising spending .The organisation ensured that all the rural marketing initiatives were very much -supported buy them, when CCI launched in 2002 priced at 5, it bought out a commercial best bollywood actor Amir khan to be in touch the message of the picas cutt the launch of 200 ml bottles to the rural areas. By the summer of 2003, CCI rise up with a new bolliwood featuring Aamir khan, to give further power to the coca cola brand image among rural areas. The commercial aimed to give coke a standard name for thanda, of the reason for picking up the word thanda, prasoon josgi.National creative director_ mccann rickson, the creator of the commercial ,said thanda is a bevy north India _ centric phenomenon. Go to any restaurant in the North and East attendants would punctually ask, Thanda usally means Lassi or Nimbu pani, garam is including tea. Because the character, in its elf represented a culture of the socity , that we wanted to equate Cock with Thanda. Since Thanda too is the division of the popular dialect of the region including North. Thus Thanda belonging to a kind for Coca-Cola. With the long-playing potentiality of the Thanda thought becoming evident, Thanda became the leading idea. Suitability : In the primary commercial the relation of Cock with Thanda was create, in the second one there was a very small distinction, with the retailer asking consumers to ask for Thanda alternate of Cock, and the third commercial explained that when one asked for Thanda, one would get Cock. Analysis said that all the three commercial succeeded in the make rural consumer connect to Cock and increased awareness of the brand between them. Along with TVCs,CCI also lunched print advertisement in several regional newspaper. Future Anticipation: CCI claimable all its marketing legislative were very successful, and as a result increased from 9.1% in 2001 to 25.03% in 2003. CCI also said that volumes from rural markets had increased to 35% in 2003. The organization said that it would reflect on joining more villages to its dispensation network. For the year 2003, CCI had a target of streaching 0.1 million extra villages. Analysts pointed out that not flexible competition from archrival PepsiCo would create it increasingly tough for CCI to garner more market share. PepsiCo too had started notice on the rural market and due to the plain volumes in urban locality. Like CCI, Pepsico too lunched 200 ml bottles priced at Rs.4.80. Going single step in front; PepsiCo cut the price of its 300 ml bottles to Rs.6 to boost quantity in urban areas. In early 2003, CCI declared that it was dropping plans to venture into other beverage business. Organization sources said that increasing quantity of cola drinks had created company rethinks its contrivance of lunching juice and milk-based beverages. In 2002, CCI had declared map to lunch beverages like as nimbu paani (Lemon juice), fruit juice, cold coffee, and tea in co-operation with Nestle India. Though CCI was upbeat on account of its early success in its organize to arrest the rural area, the question was whether the organization would be able to take this success again. A main media setback happened in August 2003, when the Delhi-based Center for science and Environment declared that it had set up very high gorgeous content in soft drinks produced and sold by both cola majors. Around some time BBC radio in its programmed Face the facts alleged that cocks plant in Kerala was creating most use of groundwater resources in the region was also corrupt the ground water through reject of toxic elements, there by harming the land, water resources and it also the food chain in the region. Though CCI refuted these blame, the organization reportedly experienced a acceptable refuse in sells after August 2003. With huge social political team becoming active against the coca organization in rural place, it remains to be seen whether CCI will to be satisfy its thirst for the rural market.

Managing Classroom Behavior and Learning in the Primary Classroom Essa

‘The poor behaviour of some children affects not only their learning but also the learning of others.’ (Adams 2009, page 4) This suggests that poorly managed behaviour in the classroom can have a detrimental effect on learning overall, as well as individually. This assignment will analyse how behaviour and learning are inextricably linked. This assignment will also emphasise how primary classroom teachers develop behaviour management strategies in order to promote an effective and positive learning environment. Ofsted (2005, page 15) discusses how if children can enjoy learning it is more likely that their behaviour will be positive; likewise if their behaviour is good then the children are most likely to learn. The Every Child Matters: change for children (ECM) policy (DfES, 2004, page 10) underpins this link between behaviour and education. Every child has the right to learn and therefore the key outcomes, ‘stay safe’, ‘enjoy and achieve’, and ‘make a positive contribution’, in the ECM agenda are incorporated in all behaviour and learning strategies. During school experience, these key outcomes are clearly outlined in the whole school behaviour policy, one of the rules being, ‘Let everyone learn.’ Reiterating the link between behaviour and learning, the basis of high-quality classroom management is to have high expectations for pupil behaviour. (TDA, 2009) Not only does having high expectations of the children promote learning, if the expectations for behaviour are clear and the rules made explicit then the pupils know exactly what is required of them. Essentially, teachers get what they expect from their pupils - this includes behaviour and learning. (Kuklinski and Weinstein, 2003; Arthur and Cremin 2010) The standards for... ...ons.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmselect/cmeduc/516/51606.htm#note54 Accessed 10/04/2012 Paragraph 4.16. Steer, A (chair) (2006) Learning behaviours, principles and practice - what works in schools. Nottingham: DfES. Available from: https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/standard/publicationDetail/Page1/DFES-0281-2006 Accessed 11/04/2012 Training and Development Agency for Schools. (TDA) (2009) Professional Standards for Qualified Teacher Status and Requirements for Initial Teacher Training, London: TDA. Available from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20111218081624/http://tda.gov.uk/default.aspx Accessed 10/04/2012 Training and Development Agency for Schools. (TDA) (2011) Standards for Qualified Teachers. London: Crown Copyright in Hayes, D. (2012) Foundations of Primary Teaching. Abingdon: David Fulton Publishers. Pp 8-10.

Sorrowful Black Death is Not a Hot Ticket and Seduction and Betrayal Es

Sorrowful Black Death is Not a Hot Ticket and Seduction and Betrayal    Toni Morrison and bell hooks share the same views on how white America envisions blacks.   In bell hooks' essays " Seduction and Betrayal" and " Sorrowful Black Death is Not a Hot Ticket" she focuses in on the portrayal of African Americans on the big screen.   In "Seduction and Betrayal"   hooks uses   Spike Lee's Crooklyn to demonstrate how invaluable the life of a black person is.   In " Sorrowful Black Death Is Not a Hot Ticket" she claims the Bodyguard and The Crying Game illustrate the notion that blacks, especially black females, are inferior to whites. In Toni Morrison's introduction to Birth of a Nation'hood , she suggests these same views by looking at the O.J. Simpson case.   Through the use of these movies and courtcases, hooks and Morrison suggest that blacks are viewed as worthless, violent criminals, who are subordinate to the white race. hooks believes, " The racial politics of Hollywood is such that there can be no serious representation of death and dying when the characters are African-Americans" (99). By stating this, she implies that black life in movies is thought of as useless.   She finds that the majority of black death in movies is done through violence. An example of such a   film is Paris Trout in which a young girl is brutally murdered and her relatives "too cowardly to save or avenge her life, ...willingly show the lawyer who will defend her killer the blood stains left by her dragging body, the bullet holes in the walls.   Her life is worth nothing"( hooks, 100).   Not even the girl's own family could find worth in her life. Her relatives cared so little that they were willing to accept money to show her kil... ...al of black life are the views shared by the majority of Americans.   Their views on this portrayal of blacks in America can be summed up in a quote taken from Melville's Benito Cereno, "We will see what the American...wanted to see: the head of the Negro 'fixed on a pole in the Plaza" (27). Works Cited hooks, bell.   "Seduction and Betrayal." Writing as Re-Vision: A Student's Anthology.   Ed.   Beth Alvarado and Barbara Cully. Needham Heights: Simon & Schuster Custom   Publishing, 1998. 108-111. hooks, bell.   "Sorrowful Black Death Is Not a Hot Ticket." Writing as Re-Vision: A   Student's Anthology.   Ed. Beth Alvarado and Barbara Cully. Needham Heights:   Simon & Schuster Custom Publishing, 1998. 99-107. Morrison, Toni. Introduction. Birth of a Nation'hood. Ed. Toni Morrison and Claudia   Brodsky Lacour.   New York: Pantheon Books, 1997.   7-28.

Riordan Manufacturing MRP Evaluation Project Essay -- Information Syst

Overview Scope of the Project Riordan Manufacturing can continue to expand by reducing the inventory cost of raw materials and finished goods. Riordan currently has a legacy MRP Information System (IS) in place, and this project provides an excellent opportunity to upgrade the infrastructure to allow for a more cost-efficient way to track inventory. Goals of the Project Riordan would like to develop or acquire an MRP system that will track and manage raw materials and finished product inventory across all plants to help ensure reduced inventory costs throughout the entire company. Business Objectives The exploratory committee has identified the following as the Business Objectives for this project: • Accurately track and manage raw materials and finished goods • Reduce inventory cost of raw materials and finished goods • Improve MRP infrastructure Measures of Success The following tasks will be performed to measure the success of the project at six (6) months and one (1) year: • An inventory analysis validating the accuracy of tracked inventory • A cost analysis comparing the cost of inventory management to previous reports • Hire an IS analysis firm to analyze the new Riordan MRP system's efficiency Statement of Scope, Objectives, and Constraints Current Needs Riordan Manufacturing needs to reduce the inventory cost of raw materials and finished goods. To reduce these costs, Riordan would like to develop or acquire an MRP system that can accurately track and manage raw materials and finished product inventory across all plants. Objective I am investigating the feasibility of developing or acquiring an MRP/MRPII information system to ensure that Riordan can accurately track and manage raw materials and ... ...w for better tracking of goods, which prevents lost materials. This, in turn, will allow Riordan to reduce the cost of inventory and allow us to gain sales with lower customer prices. The third objective is to improve the MRP infrastructure. Removing the legacy equipment and slow data lines will allow much more inventory to be processed. This will increase productivity throughout all of the plants. Conclusion Riordan Manufacturing will more than recover the expenditures of this IT project within two years of the upgrade. Riordan will experience an increase in sales and a decrease in inventory loss due to accurate and low-cost inventory management. On-going costs will be minimized with an internal IT department handling support and maintenance of the new system. All of the project's objectives have been met, and Riordan's expectations have been fulfilled.

Isolation of Eugenol from Cloves

The experiment conducted, isolation of eugenol from cloves, is the extraction of the essential oil. To perform this experiment cloves and water were mixed together and heated by a heating mantle in a round-bottom flask. A direct stem distillation took place, and the oil product was out aside for a week. After one week, the isolation of the eugenol actually takes place. Next the thin-layer chromatographic analysis takes place, but the experiment did not proceed to that step due to the incorrect amount of NaOH. Introduction The isolation of eugenol from cloves is isolated from ground cloves using the technique of steam distillation, which is often used to isolate liquid natural products from plants. Essential oils are also used to produce flavoring, fragrance, and cleaning products. The compounds found in the essential oil of cloves are eugenol, eugenol acetate, and B-caryophyllene. Smaller amounts of compounds found in the essential oil of cloves are hydrocarbons, alcohol, phenol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, acid, and ester. Essential oils are volatile and have an odor. Essential oils are often flammable, soluble in alcohol and ether but partially soluble in water. The technique used was steam distillation. The steam distillation technique was used because it lowers the pressure in the flask so that it does not have to be heated at such a high temperature. High temperatures could possibly decompose organic compounds. Experiment The first procedure used in the experiment was 25.3g of whole cloves into a 500ml round flask. Then add 150ml of water into the 500ml round flask. Connect the apparatus, funnel with water, distillation head, condenser, and receiver using grease and clips to hold the equipment together. Connect the equipment to a stand by the separatory funnel so it can stand alone. Place the 500 round flask into the heating mantle. Place two pipes in the two openings of the equipment. The opening closest to the 500ml round ball flask, the water will be exiting into the drain. The opening closest to the 250ml round ball flask, the water will be entering. A pipe was placed in the water outlet and turned on The water began to boil the cloves. Distilling continued until 75ml of the liquid was collected. When the water boiled to high the heat was decreased to prevent bumping. When the water level got low water was released in the 500ml round ball flask from the separatory funnel. The liquid collected was sealed with a stopper and set aside until the next lab. The next lab, 6g of NaCl was assed to 100ml distillacte. The solution was poured into the separatory funnel. In the separatory funnel 25ml of CH2Cl2 was added, and the two solutions separated. The dichloromethane was higher density liquid and the aqueous solution was the lower density liquid. Pressure was released from the separatory funnel and tipped over 3 times. The dichloromethane which was the bottom layer was drained and collected into Erlenmeyer flask. After repeating this step 3 times, the aqueous solution was discarded which appeared white and cloudy. Next CaCl2 was added to the flask containing CH2Cl2 extract into a graduated cylinder which was 58ml. From the total amount of the 58ml CaCl2 and CH2Cl2, one-fifth of the solution which was 11.6ml was added into an erlenmeyer flask and boiled. While boiling the CH2Cl2 evaporated. Before the solution was transferred into the vial, the vial was pre-weighed. After the solution was added the vial a hairdryer was used. The vial weighted 2.17g. Four-fifth of the CH2Cl2 extract was transferred in the separatory funnel. 25 percent of the 50 percent NaOH was added to the separatory funnel, and collected the aqueous layers. The process was repeated 3 times. The CH2Cl2 solution was kept as well. The separatory funnel was washed with 25ml of CH2Cl2. The CH2Cl2 was then discarded and the aqueous solution was capped and left for next lab. Before CaCl2 was added to CH2Cl2 extract an Erlenmeyer was pre-weighed at 117.26g. The solvent then evaporated and weighed in at 142.45. The solvent was stored to the next lab. The next week the experiment did not go to completion. Results The amount of the essential oil was the little vial times 5 which was 10.85g. The amount used to isolate the essential oil was the little vial times 4 which was 8.68g. From the amount CaCl2 and CH2Cl2 solvent was 25.19g. The other results were not completed due to an error in the experiment. Discussion The experiment did not go to completion, because 50 percent of NaOH was used instead of 5 percent of NaOH. The pH was 15 percent. The complete process of the experiment is steam distillation of the eugenol in cloves. After the eugenol is in the distillate extract with dichloromethane. Eugenol in the dichloromethane extract is extract with potassium hydroxide. The eugenol in base extract is wash with dichloromethane, acidify with hydrochloric acid, extract with dichloromethane. Eugenol in dichloromethane extract is washed with distilled water, wash with sodium chloride, dry with sodium sulfate, and distill off dichloromethane. The result will be pure eugenol.

A personal opinion in favor of the trophy culture system of rewarding children regardless of performance Essay

Should kids receive an award just for participating? This question has become one of great debate in recent years following the rise of â€Å"Trophy Culture†, a system where children receive awards regardless of performance and get applauded for simply showing up.   Many parents argue that giving children awards even if they do not perform well promotes entitlement and teaches them to not try.   My thoughts on the matter were a little mixed before I did any research on the subject. As someone who has participated in track and cross-country for years, I have been a witness to Trophy Culture in many of the races I’ve competed in.   When I was a beginner runner, I rarely if ever placed in races, and was often still given a medal just for completing the course. Anyone who has taken part in a large-scale public race like â€Å"Race for the Cure† or the â€Å"Disneyland Marathon† knows what I am talking about, basically if you get across the finish line ev en if you’re hours behind the first place runner there will still be someone there putting a medal around your neck at the end.   When I was younger and slower, getting that medal was extremely exciting because I felt like even finishing 3 miles of running as an overweight 7th grader was a big accomplishment. And the girls who finished in the top 20 of the races typically got another medal on top of the participation one, meaning I still had something to strive towards, so lack of motivation was not a problem.   And as I’ve grown and improved in my running skills, the Trophy Culture that is extremely prevalent in the sport of running still does not bother me.   I could argue that getting up at 6:00 AM every morning over the summer and training my hardest, only to win a half marathon then get the exact same medal as the woman who finished last almost 2 hours after I am disheartening.   However, I believe that the â€Å"trophies† we get for accomplishing t hings like this are essentially meaningless, and the true reward is the feeling of triumph one gets when finishing something truly challenging. This feeling relates to the existence of â€Å"self-esteem†, or one’s overall evaluation of their worth as a person. Doing a difficult task well like performing excellently in a soccer game or acing a test are ways we can improve our self-esteem and feel better about ourselves.   This plays into our sense of self-efficacy, our belief inability to perform and succeed in tasks presented to us.   Some parents think that trophy culture is artificially inflating their children’s self-esteem and self-efficacy, making children think they are performing better than they actually are and allowing for them to almost â€Å"get stuck† in a mediocre performance because they have no reason to believe their performance is less than ideal. On the other side of the argument, there are parents who think that if we award children for completing sports seasons or specific events, we are teaching them â€Å"that it is worth keeping a commitment, that we value this† (Heffernan, 2015). A recent report from Real Sports With Bryant Gumble on HBO explored this problem. In the trailer for the show, he is seen interviewing a woman who says that giving trophies to everyone regardless of performance â€Å"sets the bar pretty low†, and she also makes the argument that she â€Å"wants kids to improve and be engaged in the process of improvement†, and she thinks without incentive this will never happen.   This perspective on the topic is one that made headline news when NFL linebacker James Harrison â€Å"took to Instagram announcing he would be sending back the trophies his sons, 6 and 8, received ‘until they earn a real trophy’†(Wallace, 2015).   In an article analyzing the different sides of the debate, Kelly Wallace from CNN points out that many experts side with those saying, â€Å"if you tell a kid they’re wonderful and they believe you, that’s not about healthy self-esteem, that’s about narcissism†. Lisa Heffernan, a contributor to NBC News TODAY, disagrees with this mindset. According to her, participation trophies â€Å"remind kids that they are part of something, and may help build enthusiasm to return for another season†. Another point she brings up is that â€Å"at a time when parents complain of escalating competition in youth sports, [trophies] remind kids that we value their effort, regardless of ability or results†.   Her words echo those of a writer by the name of John Kass, whose article in the Chicago Tribune includes a segment from his son who claims â€Å"What’s wrong with a participation trophy for kids? It makes them happy. They’re just 6 years old. Isn’t it good to be a kid, and happy, playing the game? They’re just kids.† Kass then goes on to explain that this conversation with his son made him realize participation trophies aren’t as bad as some people want us to believe, and â€Å"getting a participat ion trophy as a child didn’t make [his son] any less competitive†. After reading articles with opinions from both sides of the argument, I have come to the conclusion that my initial view of the topic has not changed: I still believe that Trophy Culture is not detrimental to the development of children’s self-esteem and people fighting to end a system that allows awards for participation are wasting their time.   Children need encouragement and support from their parent’s, coaches, and others to succeed and stay motivated in everything from sports to academics.   Trying to get rid of participation awards could very likely result in discouraged children.   Like John Kass’s son said in his discussion with his father, â€Å"What’s wrong with a participation trophy for kids? It makes them happy.† If giving participation trophies make kids happy and doesn’t harm anyone else, then the clear choice is to allow participation awards to continue in our society.    Works Cited Heffernan, Lisa. â€Å"In Defense of Participation Trophies: What They Taught My Son.† TODAY.com. N.p., 21 Aug. 2015. Web. 29 Apr. 2016. Kass, John. â€Å"Is Our ‘Trophy Culture’ Making Happy Losers?† Chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune, n.d. Web. 29 Apr. 2016. Wallace, Kelly. â€Å"Debate: Does Sports Participation Deserve a Trophy?† CNN. Cable News Network, n.d. Web. 29 Apr. 2016.

Myopia of Learning Essay

Learning processes are powerful aids to intelligence but sometime they fail in coping with confusing experience and complicated problems because they do not take in consideration distant times, distant place and failures. The first step in overcoming these limitations is recognizing them and trying to avoid so they would not effect negatively in our performance. â€Å"Experience is often a poor teacher†. Drawing conclusion from experiences is common in the business world but we tend to forget that these conclusions are merely just point of views of went wrong or not with a decision. Learning from experiences can make you fall in repetition if you see that this way of doing things did actually brought the desired outputs. By doing so we tend to forget that not every issue has the same circumstances and qualities so the same thing that worked in another issue may not work in this task. Details and causality are two main factors that sometimes can guide you in a performance that can be successful or a failure. Experiences from the history of the organization are narrowed also by the memory, conflict, turnover, and decentralization that make it difficult to be a reliable source of experience. That is why sometime experiences give a misleading route in coping with problems. Learning is a process and people can perform differently. There are people that acquire knowledge at different paces; some are what we call fast learner and slow ones. If we put these two persons in the same start, the fast learner would learn quickly and perform the activity faster than the other one. This means that the other person would never have the chance to do something and this will narrow its possibilities to progress and learn. In an organization you will find people that are inactive because they do not have the chance to be active so you will tend to rely more on the faster learner. The manager will help more in building a wall that will end up by firing the slow learner. Learning gives you a broad image of the short-run activities but it fails to give you a solution to the long-run ones. For example now we learn things that maybe in some years will be irrelevant due to the advancing of the technology and globalization, that change the markets every minute we learn. That means that you stay stuck in time, even though the market is developing and changing. You tend to apply exploitation when maybe it is exploration time and tend to apply exploration when you should apply exploitation. This imbalance is due to the learning process because you tend to apply the easiest and quickest way of dealing with an issue In conclusion learning is a process that has limitations when we have temporal myopia (short-run goals are being overestimate), spatial myopia (effect that occurs near to the learner) and failure myopia (we tend not to recognize failure and attribute them to luck). If we avoid these limitations and try not to be influenced by biases, learning can be rewarding. Our life is a journey of learning only that not every issue can be alike, so there is no perfect solution to all our problems but there are approaches from our experience that can be changed to suit a new issue. Work Cited Levinthal,Daniel & March, James. The myopia of learning. Strategic Management Journal (1986-1988); Winter 1993; 14, Special issue; ABI/IFORM Global.

How Does Australias Landscape Depicted in Poetry Essay

Australia is a land of great contrast and diversity, its physical landscape is one of many of its great features, and its diversity is very broad. The poem My Country by Dorothea Mackellar greatly relates to the beauty and size of the Australian landscape. The poems Alcohol by Peter Goldsworthy and Metho-Drinker by Judith Wright relate to the Australia’s attitudes towards the misuse of drugs and alcohol in modern Australian society. These issues are also shown a lot in the movie ‘Beneath Clouds’, directed by Ivan Sen. The poem ‘My country’ describes Australia’s landscape with great extent and shows the author loves for this land using many examples. In this poem the author tries to bring Australia to its simplest form, the use of poetic techniques such as metaphors and similes, or the use of personification. ‘I love her jewel sea’, this metaphor gives the effect of preciousness and shows how special Australia really is to her (Dorothea Mackellar). Another example is the quote ‘the pityless blue sky’, which is personification and gives the blue sky an attitude towards the land beneath them, and of cause it’s referring to Australia’s drought. The land of the rainbow gold†, the author is describing her view of Australia, her love for the country. Another example of how ‘My Country’ depicts the Australian landscape is using alliteration, ‘for flood and fire and famine’, these are all common natural disasters, showing the complexity of the country, the good and bad side. â€Å"All you who have not loved her, you will not understand†, this quote is the author saying that no one will understand her love for the country. Alcohol is a poem that is about the problem of alcohol in society, it is written in a first person form and shows the thoughts of a youth boy using alcohol. The poem is appeals on an emotional level, as it describes the joy of alcohol for teenagers. The quote â€Å"Surf’s up, I said at school. My drinking friends came round†. This quote from the poem really shows the boy’s initial attitude towards alcohol, he is looking back and reflecting his times as a teenage boy. This quote relates to Australia’s diversity as underage drinking is a known problem in today’s society. â€Å"Why such simple stuff work magic in the mind†, this quote gives a good idea of the teenage boy’s perspective of alcohol at the time, he also refers to it as â€Å"a rain hat fell from heaven†, and also â€Å"proof of god†, these references show his love and reliance on alcohol. The poem relates to Australian society very greatly, it shows the perspective of many teenagers in modern society, also it shows how innocent alcohol can look, but still carry the long term effects if abused. Metho Drinker is a poe m about a man that is hopeless and near death due to the misuse of alcohol and methylated spirits. Methylated spirits are often a used drug in Australian society today. Unfortunately 73% of users are aboriginal, and 60% of that are in outback Australia. It is a big problem in today’s society. â€Å"Under the death of winters leaves†, this quote is the first line in the poem, it initially creates miserable visual imagery and sets a sad mood. â€Å"O take from me the weight and waterfall ceaseless time that batters down my weakness; the knives of light†. This quote is describing the man’s view on his life, ‘O take from me the weight’, he is saying take me from this life of hopelessness. He describes the daytime as ‘the knives of light’, he is saying this because the light shows who he has really become. His white and burning girl, his woman of fire, creeps to his heart and sets a candle there†. The quote is referring to methylated spirits being his ‘woman of fire’, a woman generally being a man’s wife and most important thing to them. Also the author uses personification by referring to the ‘metho’ as ‘his white and burning girl’. â€Å"To melt away the flesh that hides from bone, to eat the nerve that tethers him in time†. Now the author is creating a gruesome atmosphere using visual imagery, it is describing the effects of the ‘metho’ on the homeless man. It was for death he took her; death is but this; and yet he is uneasy under her kiss and winces from that acid of her desire†. This quote is the final three lines of the poem, it is describing the man’s attitude towards his problems, and he drank the ‘metho’ in order to take his own life. This poem relates to Australia quite a lot, it shows the perspective of drug addicts, homeless people and alcoholics. There are a lot of problems in Australia regarding unemployment and housing, this creates a very unstable lifestyle for a lot of Australians causing them to lose their homes, family and friends. The movie ‘Beneath Clouds’, directed by Ivan Sen is about two young aboriginal teenagers searching for a better life. Lena, a light-skinned daughter of an Aboriginal mother and Irish father and Vaughn, an aboriginal boy in minimum security prison in North West NSW. Striking events throw them together on a journey with no money and no transport. To Lena, Vaughn represents the life she is running away from. To Vaughn, Lena represents the society that has rejected him. And for a short amount of time they experience happiness together. The movie is set in the outback of New South Wales, showing a very broad landscape background for 70 percent of the movie. It is set like this to show the ‘emptiness’ of the town, and to show how far away general society is. Lena is running away from her family because of the implications that alcohol had on her family. Before she run’s away she looks at a photo of how her family used to be, but previously see the mother drinking and abusing her, and the son getting taken away by the police. Alcohol were being drank by both the mother and father, with empty beer bottles over the house, this showing the abuse of alcohol in that household. Vaughn is a 19 year old aboriginal boy who escapes jail and somehow ends up running away with Lena. During the journey we see a lot of racism, shown evident in three scenes. The woman driving on the road, about to pick Lena up, then see’s Vaughn and drives straight off, the policemen’s attitude towards the aboriginal man’s car and also when Vaughn walks in to the bar, the men’s suddenly find Vaughn suspicious as soon as they see him. This racism is a pure example of Australia and its different perspectives. Australia is a place of6 great diversity and contrast, the poems Alcohol by Peter Goldsworthy, Metho Drinker by Judith Wright and My Country by Dorothea Mackellar prove this in many ways. They show the great beauty of Australia’s landscape, and explore the different problems of Australian society misusing drugs and alcohol. This is also shown in the movie ‘Beneath Clouds’, directed by Ivan Sen.